ncg

bachelorthesis in physics
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Author: miksa234 <milutin@popovic.xyz>
Date:   Mon, 26 Jul 2021 13:02:14 +0200

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diff --git a/src/thesis/chapters/basics.tex b/src/thesis/chapters/basics.tex @@ -1,267 +1,210 @@ - \subsection{Noncommutative Geometric Spaces} -\subsubsection{Matrix Algebras and Finite Spaces} \subsubsection{$*$-Algebra} +To grasp the idea of encoding geometrical data into a spectral triple we +introduce the first ingredient of a spectral triple, an unital $C^*$ algebra. \begin{definition} A \textit{vector space} $A$ over $\mathbb{C}$ is called a \textit{complex, unital Algebra} if, \\ $\forall a,b \in A$ : \begin{enumerate} \item - $A \times A \rightarrow A$ \hspace{0.1\textwidth} \textit{bilinear} \\ - $(a, b)\ \mapsto \ a\cdot b$ - \item - $1a = a1 =a$ \hspace{0.08\textwidth} \textit{unital} \\ + $A \times A \rightarrow A$, + $(a, b)\ \mapsto \ a\cdot b$, + \item with an identity element + $1a = a1 =a$. \end{enumerate} -\end{definition} - -\begin{definition} - A $*$-algebra is an algebra $A$ with a \textit{conjugate linear map (involution)} $*:A\ \rightarrow A$, + Extending the definition, a $*$-algebra is an algebra $A$ with a \textit{conjugate linear map (involution)} $*:A\ \rightarrow A$, $\forall a, b \in A$ satisfying: \begin{enumerate} \item - $(ab)^* = b^*a^*$ \hspace{0.05\textwidth} \textit{antidistributive} + $(ab)^* = b^*a^*$, \item - $(a^*)^* = a$ \hspace{0.1\textwidth} \textit{closure} + $(a^*)^* = a$. \end{enumerate} \end{definition} In the following all unital algebras are referred to as algebras. -\subsubsection{Functions on Discrete Spaces} -Let $X$ be a \textit{discretized topological} space with $N$ points. -Consider functions of a continuous $*$-algebra $C(X)$ assigning values to $\mathbb{C}$, for $f, g \in C(X)$, -$\lambda \in \mathbb{C}$ and $x \in X$ they provide the following structures: - +\subsubsection{Finite Discrete Space} +Let us consider an example of an $*$-algebra of continuous functions $C(X)$ +on a discrete topological space $X$ with $N$ points. Functions of a +continuous $*$-algebra $C(X)$ assign values to $\mathbb{C}$, thus $f, g \in +C(X)$, $\lambda \in \mathbb{C}$ and $x \in X$ they provide the following structure: \begin{itemize} \item \textit{pointwise linear} \\ - $(f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)$\\ - $(\lambda f)(x) = \lambda (f(x))$ + $(f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)$,\\ + $(\lambda f)(x) = \lambda (f(x)),$ \item \textit{pointwise multiplication} \\ - $fg(x) = f(x)g(x)$ \hspace{0.1\textwidth} same as $(fg)(x) = f(x)g(x))$? + $fg(x) = f(x)g(x)$, \item \textit{pointwise involution} \\ - $f^*(x) = \overline{f(x)}$ + $f^*(x) = \overline{f(x)}.$ \end{itemize} +The $*$-algebra $C(X)$ is \textit{isomorphic} to a $*$-algebra $\mathbb{C}^N$ +with involution ($N$ number of points in $X$), we write $C(X) \simeq +\mathbb{C}^N$. Isomorphisms are bijective maps that preserve structure and +don't lose physical information. A function $f:X\ \rightarrow\ \mathbb{C}$ +can be represented with $N \times N$ diagonal matrices, where each diagonal +value represents the function value at the corresponding $i$-th point for $i += 1,...,N$. Because of matrix multiplication and hermitian conjugate of +matrices we have a preserving structure. -\begin{question} - Mathematical difference between Topological Discreet Spaces and just Discreet Spaces? -\end{question} - -The author indicates that $\mathbb{C}$-valued functions on $X$ are automatically continuous. -\begin{idea} - CAN WE USE THE METRIC? NO! - We know that $X$ is a \textit{finite discrete space}, meaning in an $\epsilon$-$\delta$ approach - for each $x \in X$ the only $y \in X$, that is small enough is $x$ by itself, which implies - $\epsilon$ is always bigger than zero, thus every function $f:X\ \rightarrow\ \mathbb{C}$ is continuous. -\end{idea} - -\subsubsection{Isomorphism Property} -Furthermore $C(X)$ $*$-algebra is \textit{isomorphic} to a $*$-algebra $\mathbb{C}^N$ with involution -($N$ number of points in $X$), written as $C(X) \simeq \mathbb{C}^N$. -A function $f:X\ \rightarrow\ \mathbb{C}$ can be represented with $N \times N$ diagonal matrices, -where the value $(ii)$ is the value of the function at the corresponding -$i$-th point ($i = 1,...,N$). The structure is preserved because of the definitions of -matrix multiplication and the hermitian conjugate of matrices. - -\begin{question} - Can isomorphisms between $C(X)$ and $\mathbb{C}^N$ be shown with matrix factorization? -\end{question} - Isomorphisms are bijective preserve structure and don't lose physical information/ - -\subsubsection{Mapping Finite Discrete Spaces} - -\begin{definition} - A \textit{map} between finite discrete spaces $X_1$ and $X_2$ is a function $\phi:\ X_1 \rightarrow\ X_2$ -\end{definition} - -For every map between finite discrete spaces there exists a corresponding map \\ -$\phi ^*:C(X_2)\ \rightarrow C(X_1)$, which `pulls back' values even if $\phi$ is not bijective. +Moreover we can \textit{map} between finite discrete spaces $X_1$ and $X_2$ with a +function +\begin{align} + \phi:\ X_1 \rightarrow\ X_2. +\end{align} +For every such map there exists a corresponding map +\begin{align} + \phi ^*:C(X_2)\ \rightarrow C(X_1), +\end{align} +which `pulls back' values even if $\phi$ is not bijective. Note that the pullback doesn't map points back, but maps functions on an $*$-algebra $C(X)$. - - -This map is called a pullback (or a $*$-homomorphism or a $*$-algebra map under pointwise product). -Under the pointwise product: +The pullback, in literature often called a $*$-homomorphism or a $*$-algebra map under +pointwise product has the following properties \begin{itemize} - \item $\phi ^*(fg) = \phi ^*(f) \phi ^*(g)$ - \item $\phi ^*(\overline{f}) = \overline{\phi ^*(f)}$ - \item $\phi ^*(\lambda f + g) = \lambda \phi ^*(f) + \phi ^*(g)$ + \item $\phi ^*(fg) = \phi ^*(f) \phi ^*(g)$, + \item $\phi ^*(\overline{f}) = \overline{\phi ^*(f)}$, + \item $\phi ^*(\lambda f + g) = \lambda \phi ^*(f) + \phi ^*(g)$. \end{itemize} - -\begin{question} - $\phi$ is in most cases not bijective, so how can we prove that there exists such a - pullback for every map between discrete spaces which preserves information? For bijective - it is given by its inverse, which by definition exists because $\phi$ is a map. - Or I didn't understand this correctly? -\end{question} - -\begin{MyExercise} - \textbf{ - Show that $\phi :X_1\ \rightarrow \ X_2$ is injective (surjective) map of finite spaces iff - $\phi ^* :C(X_2)\ \rightarrow \ C(X_1)$ is surjective (injective). -}\newline - - Consider $X_1$ with $n$ points and $X_2$ with $m$ points. Then there are three cases: - \begin{enumerate} - \item $n=m$ \\ - Obviously $\phi$ is bijective and $\phi ^*$ too. - \item $n \rangle m$ \\ - $\phi$ assigns $n$ points to $m$ points when $n \rangle m$, - which is by definition surjective. \\ - $\phi ^*$ assigns $m$ points to $n$ points when $n \rangle m$, - which is by definition injective. \\ - \item $n \langle m $ \\ - analogous - \end{enumerate} -\end{MyExercise} +%------------ Exercise + The map $\phi :X_1\ \rightarrow \ X_2$ is an injective (surjective) map, + if only if the corresponding pullback $\phi ^* :C(X_2)\ \rightarrow \ + C(X_1)$ is surjective (injective). Let us say, that $X_1$ has $n$ points and + $X_2$ with $m$ points. Then there are three different cases, first $n=m$ and + obviously $\phi$ is bijective and $\phi ^*$ too. Then $n > m$, in this case + $\phi$ assigns $n$ points to $m$ points when $n > m$, which is by definition + surjective. On the other hand $\phi ^*$ assigns $m$ points to $n$ points when + $n > m$, which is by definition injective. Lastly $n < m $, which is + completely analogous to the case $n > m$. +%------------ Exercise \subsubsection{Matrix Algebras} \begin{definition} - A \textit{(complex) matrix algebra} A is a direct sum, for $n_i, N \in \mathbb{N}$. + A \textit{(complex) matrix algebra} A is a direct sum, for $n_i, N \in + \mathbb{N}$ \begin{align} - A = \bigoplus _{i=1}^{N} M_{n_i}(\mathbb{C}) + A = \bigoplus _{i=1}^{N} M_{n_i}(\mathbb{C}). \end{align} The involution is the hermitian conjugate, a $*$ algebra with involution is referred to as a matrix algebra \end{definition} +From a topological discrete space $X$, we can construct a $*$-algebra +$C(X)$ which is isomorphic to a matrix algebra $A$. Then the question instantly +arises, if we can construct $X$ given $A$? For a matrix algebra $A$, +which in most cases is not commutative, the answer is generally no. -So from a topological discrete space $X$, we can construct a $*$-algebra $C(X)$ which is isomorphic -to a matrix algebra $A$. The question is can we construct $X$ given $A$? $A$ is a matrix algebra, -which are in most cases is not commutative, so the answer is generally no. - -There are two options. We can restrict ourselves to commutative matrix algebras, +Thus there are two options. We can restrict ourselves to commutative matrix algebras, which are the vast minority and not physically interesting. -Or we can allow more morphisms(isomorphisms) between matrix algebras. - -\begin{question} - Why are non-commutative algebras not physically interesting? - Maybe too far fetched,but because physical observables (QM-Operators) are not commutative? -\end{question} -Exactly. +Or we can allow more morphisms (isomorphisms) between matrix algebras. \subsubsection{Finite Inner Product Spaces and Representations} -Until now we looked at a finite topological discrete space, moreover we can consider a +Until now we looked at finite topological discrete spaces, moreover we can consider a finite dimensional inner product space $H$ (finite Hilbert-spaces), with inner product -$(\cdot,\cdot)\rightarrow \mathbb{C}$. $L(H)$ is the $*$-algebra of operators on $H$ -with product given by composition and involution given by the adjoint, $T \mapsto T^*$. -$L(H)$ is a \textit{normed vector space} with +$(\cdot,\cdot)\rightarrow \mathbb{C}$. We denote $L(H)$ as the $*$-algebra of operators on $H$ +equipped with a product given by composition and involution of the adjoint, $T \mapsto T^*$. +Then $L(H)$ is a \textit{normed vector space} with \begin{align} &\|T\|^2 = \text{sup}_{h \in H}\{(Th,Th): (h,h) \leq 1\} \hspace{0.1\textwidth} T \in L(H) \\ &\|T\| = \text{sup}\{\sqrt{\lambda}: \lambda \text{ eigenvalue of } T\} \end{align} - - +This allows us to define representations of $*$-algebras. \begin{definition} - The \textit{representation} of a finite dimensional $*$-algebra A is a pair $(H, \pi)$. - $H$ is a finite, dimensional inner product space and $\pi$ is a $*$-\textit{algebra map} + The \textit{representation} of a finite dimensional $*$-algebra $A$ is a + pair $(H, \pi)$, where $H$ is a finite dimensional inner product space + and $\pi$ is a $*$-\textit{algebra map} \begin{align} - \pi:A\ \rightarrow \ L(H) + \pi:A\ \rightarrow \ L(H). \end{align} -\end{definition} -\begin{definition} - $(H, \pi)$ is called \textit{irreducible} if: + We call the representation $(H, \pi)$ \textit{irreducible} if \begin{itemize} - \item $H \neq \emptyset$ - \item only $\emptyset$ or $H$ is invariant under the action of $A$ on $H$ + \item $H \neq \emptyset$, + \item only $\emptyset$ or $H$ is invariant under the action of $A$ on + $H$. \end{itemize} \end{definition} - -Examples for reducible and irreducible representations +Here are some examples of reducible and irreducible representations \begin{itemize} - \item $A = M_n(\mathbb{C})$, representation $H=\mathbb{C}^n$, $A$ acts as matrix multiplication\\ + \item For $A = M_n(\mathbb{C})$ the representation $H=\mathbb{C}^n$, $A$ acts as matrix multiplication\\ $H$ is irreducible. - \item $A = M_n(\mathbb{C})$, representation $H=\mathbb{C}^n\oplus \mathbb{C}^n$, with $a \in A$ acting + \item For $A = M_n(\mathbb{C})$ the representation $H=\mathbb{C}^n\oplus \mathbb{C}^n$, with $a \in A$ acting in block form \\ $\pi: a \mapsto \big(\begin{smallmatrix} a & 0\\ 0 & a \end{smallmatrix}\big)$ is reducible. \end{itemize} - +Naturally there are also certain equivalences between different +representations. \begin{definition} - Let $(H_1, \pi _1)$ and $(H_2, \pi _2)$ be representations of a $*$-algebra $A$. They are called - \textit{unitary equivalent} if there exists a map $U: H_1 \rightarrow H_2$ such that. +Two representations of a $*$-algebra $A$, $(H_1, \pi _1)$ and +$(H_2, \pi _2)$ are called \textit{unitary equivalent} if there exists a map +$U: H_1 \rightarrow H_2$ such that. \begin{align} \pi _1(a) = U^* \pi _2(a) U \end{align} \end{definition} -\begin{question} - In matrix representation this is diagonalization condition? (unitary diagonalization) -\end{question} -Yes - +Furthermore we define a mathematical structure called the structure space, +which will later become important, when speaking of the duality between a spectral +triple and a space. \begin{definition} - $A$ a $*$-algebra then, $\hat{A}$ is called the structure space of all \textit{unitary equivalence classes + Let $A$ a $*$-algebra then, $\hat{A}$ is called the structure space of all \textit{unitary equivalence classes of irreducible representations of A} \end{definition} - -\begin{question} - Gelfand duality and the spectrum of $\hat{A}$, examples Fourier-Transform and Laplace-Transform - for simple spaces. -\end{question} -More on that in later chapters. - -\begin{MyExercise} - \textbf{ - Given $(H, \pi)$ of a $*$-algebra $A$, the \textbf{commutant} $\pi (A)'$ of $\pi (A)$ is defined as a set +%------------- EXERCISE + Given a representation $(H, \pi)$ of a $*$-algebra $A$, the \textbf{commutant} $\pi (A)'$ of $\pi (A)$ is defined as a set of operators in $L(H)$ that commute with all $\pi (a)$ \begin{align} \pi (A)' = \{T \in L(H):\pi (a)T = T\pi (a) \;\;\; \forall a\in A\} \end{align} - \begin{enumerate} - \item Show that $\pi (A)'$ is a $*$-algebra. - \item Show that a representation $(H, \pi)$ of $A$ is irreducible iff the commutant $\pi (A)'$ - consists of multiples of the identity - \end{enumerate} -} + The commutant $\pi (A)'$ is also a $*$-algebra, because it has unital, + associative and involutive properties. + We note that $\pi (a) \in L(H)\ \forall a \in A$, unitary property is given + by the unital operator of the $*$-algebra of operators $L(H)$, which exists + by definition because H is a inner product space. Associativity is given by + the $*$-algebra of $L(H)$, where $L(H) \times L(H) \mapsto L(H)$, which is + associative by definition. The involutive property is also given by the $*$-algebra $L(H)$ + with a map $*: L(H) \mapsto L(H)$ only for a $T$ that commutes with $\pi (a)$. +%------------- EXERCISE - 1. To show that $\pi (A)'$ is a $*$-algebra we have to show that it is unital, associative and involute. - And note that $\pi (a) \in L(H)\ \forall a \in A$. - Unitarity is given by the unital operator of the $*$-algebra of operators $L(H)$, which exists by definition - because H is a inner product space. Associativity is given by $*$-algebra of $L(H)$, $L(H) \times L(H) \mapsto L(H)$, - which is associative by definition. Involutnes is also given by the $*$-algebra $L(H)$ - with a map $*: L(H) \mapsto L(H)$ only for $T$ that commute with $\pi (a)$. - \\ - 2.? -\end{MyExercise} +%------------- EXERCISE + For a unital algebra $*$-algebra $A$, the matrices $M_n(A)$ with entries + in $A$ form a unital $*$-algebra, because unitary operation in $M_n(A)$ is given by the identity Matrix, which + has to exists in every entry in $M_n(A)$, and behaves like in $A$. Associativity is given by + matrix multiplication. Lastly involution is given by the conjugate transpose. -\begin{MyExercise} - \textbf{ - \begin{enumerate} - \item If $A$ is a unital $*$-algebra, show that the $n \times n$ matrices $M_n(A)$ with entries - in $A$ form a unital $*$-algebra. - \item Let $\pi :A\ \rightarrow \ L(H)$ be a representation of a $*$-algebra $A$ and set - $H^n = H \oplus ... \oplus H$, $n$ times. Show that $\tilde{\pi}:M_n(A) \rightarrow L(H^n)$ - of $M_n(A)$ with\\ - $\tilde{\pi}((a_{ij})) = (\tilde{\pi}(a_{ij})) \in M_n(A)$. - \item Let $\tilde{\pi}:M_n(A) \rightarrow L(H^n)$ be a $*$ algebra representation of $M_n(A)$. - Show that $\pi: A \rightarrow L(H^n)$ is a representation of $A$. - \end{enumerate} -} - 1. We know $A$ is a $*$ algebra. Unitary operaton in $M_n(A)$ is given by the identity Matrix, which - has to exists because every entry in $M_n(A)$ has to behave like in $A$. Associativity is given by - matrix multiplication. Involutnes is given by the conjugate transpose.\\ - 2. $A \simeq M_n(A)$ and $H \simeq H^n$ meaning $\tilde{\pi}$ is a valid reducible representation.\\ - 3. $\tilde{\pi}$ and $\pi$ are unitary equivalent, there is a map $U: H^n \rightarrow H^n$ given by - $U=\mathbbm{1}_n$:\\ - $\pi (a) = \mathbbm{1}_n^*\ \tilde{\pi}((a_{ij}))\ \mathbbm{1}_n = \tilde{\pi}((a_{ij})) = \pi (a_{ij}) - \Rightarrow a_{ij} = a\mathbbm{1}_n$. -\end{MyExercise} + A representation $\pi :A\ \rightarrow \ L(H)$ of a $*$-algebra $A$, for + $H^n = H \oplus ... \oplus H$, $n$ times. Then we have the following + representation $\tilde{\pi}:M_n(A) \rightarrow L(H^n)$ for the Matrix + Algebra with $\tilde{\pi}((a_{ij})) = (\tilde{\pi}(a_{ij})) \in M_n(A)$. + We have direct isomorphisms of $A \simeq M_n(A)$ and $H \simeq H^n$ + meaning $\tilde{\pi}$ is a valid reducible representation. -\subsubsection{Commutative Matrix Algebras} -\begin{itemize} - \item Commutative matrix algebras can be used to reconstruct a discrete space given - a matrix \textit{commutative} matrix algebra. - \item The structure space $\hat{A}$ is used for this. Because $A \simeq \mathbb{C}^N$ we all any - irreducible representation are of the form - $\pi _i:(\lambda_1,...,\lambda_N)\in \mathbb{C}^N \mapsto \lambda_i \in \mathbb{C}$ \\ - for $i = 1,...,N \Rightarrow \hat{A} \simeq \{1,...,N\}.$ - \item Conclusion is that there is a duality between discrete spaces and commutative matrix algebra - this duality is called the \textit{finite dimensional Gelfand duality} -\end{itemize} + Let $\tilde{\pi}:M_n(A) \rightarrow L(H^n)$ be a $*$ algebra + representation of $M_n(A)$, then $\pi: A \rightarrow L(H^n)$ is a representation of $A$. + The fact that $\tilde{\pi}$ and $\pi$ are unitary equivalent, there is + a map $U: H^n \rightarrow H^n$ given by $U=\mathbbm{1}_n$, thus + \begin{align} + \pi (a) &= \mathbbm{1}_n^*\ \tilde{\pi}((a_{ij})), \\ + \mathbbm{1}_n &= \tilde{\pi}((a_{ij})) = \pi (a_{ij}) + \Rightarrow a_{ij} = a\mathbbm{1}_n. + \end{align} +%------------- EXERCISE -\subsubsection{Noncommutative Matrix Algebras} -Aim is to construct duality between finite dimensional spaces and \textit{equivalence classes} -of matrix algebras, to preserve general non-commutivity of matrices. -\begin{itemize} - \item Equivalence classes are described by a generalized notion of ispomorphisms between matrix - algebras (\textit{Morita Equivalence}) -\end{itemize} + +A commutative matrix algebra can be used to reconstruct a discrete space. +The structure space $\hat{A}$ is used for this. Because $A \simeq +\mathbb{C}^N$ all +irreducible representation are of the form +\begin{align} + \pi _i:(\lambda_1,...,\lambda_N)\in \mathbb{C}^N \mapsto \lambda_i \in + \mathbb{C} +\end{align} +for $i = 1,...,N$ and thus $\hat{A} \simeq \{1,...,N\}$. +The conclusion is that, there is a duality between discrete spaces and +commutative matrix algebra this duality is called the \textit{finite +dimensional Gelfand duality} + +Our aim is to construct a duality between finite dimensional spaces and +\textit{equivalence classes} of matrix algebras, to preserve general +non-commutativity of matrices. Equivalence classes are described by a +generalized notion of isomorphisms between matrix algebras (\textit{Morita +Equivalence}) \subsubsection{Algebraic Modules} \begin{definition} @@ -323,3 +266,1314 @@ Remark on the notation $\gamma: A\times A\times A \rightarrow A$ which is given by the inner product of the $*$-algebra. \end{MyExercise} + +%\subsubsection{Balanced Tensor Product and Hilbert Bimodules} +% +%\begin{definition} +% Let $A$ be an algebra, $E$ be a \textit{right} $A$-module and $F$ be a \textit{left} $A$-module. +% The \textit{balanced tensor product} of $E$ and $F$ forms a $A$-bimodule. +% \begin{align} +% E \otimes _A F := E \otimes F / \left\{\sum _i e_i a_i \otimes f_i - e_i \otimes a_i f_i : \;\;\; +% a_i \in A,\ e_i \in E,\ f_i \in F \right\} +% \end{align} +%\end{definition} +%Note $/$ denotes the quotient space. So $\otimes _A$ takes two left/right modules and makes a +%bimodule with the help the tensor product of the two modules and the quotient space that takes +%out all the elements from the tensor product that dont preserver the left/right representation and that +%are duplicates. +%\begin{definition} +% Let $A$, $B$ be \textit{matrix algebras}. The \textit{Hilbert bimodule} for $(A, B)$ is given by +% \begin{itemize} +% \item $E$, an $A$-$B$-bimodue $E$ and by +% \item an $B$-valued \textit{inner product} $\langle \cdot,\cdot\rangle_E: E\times E \rightarrow B$ +% \end{itemize} +%$\langle \cdot,\cdot\rangle_E$ needs to satisfy the following for $e, e_1, e_2 \in E,\ a \in A$ and $b \in B$. +%\begin{align} +% \langle e_1, a\cdot e_2\rangle_E &= \langle a^*\cdot e_1, e_2\rangle_E \;\;\;\; & \text{sesquilinear in $A$}\\ +% \langle e_1, e_2 \cdot b\rangle_E &= \langle e_1, e_2\rangle_E b \;\;\;\; & \text{scalar in $B$} \\ +% \langle e_1, e_2\rangle_E &= \langle e_2,e_1\rangle^*_E \;\;\;\; & \text{hermitian} \\ +% \langle e, e\rangle_E &\ge 0 \;\;\;\; & \text{equality holds iff $e=0$} +%\end{align} +% +%\end{definition} +% +%We denote $KK_f(A,B)$ the set of all \textit{Hilbert bimodules} of $(A,B)$. +% +%%\begin{MyExercise} +%% \textbf{ +%% Check that a representation $\pi:\ A \ \rightarrow L(H)$ of a matrix algebra $A$ turns $H$ into +%% a Hilbert bimodule for $(A, \mathbb{C})$. +%% \label{ex: bimodule} +%%}\newline +%% +%% +%% We check if the representation of $a \in A$, $\pi(a)=T \in L(H)$ fulfills +%% the conditions on the $\mathbb{C}$-valued inner product for $h_1, h_2 \in H$: +%% \begin{itemize} +%% \item $\langle h_1, \pi(a) h)2\rangle _\mathbb{C} = \langle h_1, T h_2\rangle _\mathbb{C} = +%% \langle T^* h_1, h_2\rangle _\mathbb{C}$, $T^*$ given by the adjoint +%% \item $\langle h_1, h_2 \pi(a)\rangle _\mathbb{C} = \langle h_1, h_2 T\rangle _\mathbb{C} = \langle h_1, h_2\rangle _\mathbb{C}$, $T$ acts from the left +%% \item $\langle h_1, h_2\rangle _\mathbb{C}^* = \langle h_2,h_1\rangle _\mathbb{C}$, hermitian because of the +%% $\mathbb{C}$-valued inner product +%% \item $\langle h_1, h_2\rangle \ge 0$, $\mathbb{C}$-valued inner product. +%% \end{itemize} +%%\end{MyExercise} +% +%%\begin{MyExercise} +%% \textbf{ +%% Show that the $A-A$ bimodule given by $A$ is in $KK_f(A,A)$ by taking the following inner product +%% $\langle \cdot,\cdot\rangle_A:A \times A \rightarrow A$: +%% \begin{align} +%% \langle a, a\rangle_A = a^*a' \;\;\;\; a,a'\in A +%% \end{align} +%% \label{exercise: inner-product} +%%}\newline +%% +%% +%% We check again the conditions on $\langle \cdot, \cdot\rangle _A$, let $a, a_1, a_2 \in A$: +%% \begin{itemize} +%% \item $\langle a_1, a\cdot a_2\rangle _A = a^*\ a\cdot a_2 = (a^*a_1)^* a_2 = \langle a^*a_1, a_2\rangle $ +%% \item $\langle a_1, a_2 \cdot a\rangle _A = a^*_1 (a_2\cdot a) = (a^*a_2)\cdot a = \langle a_1, a_2\rangle _A a$ +%% \item $\langle a_1, a_2\rangle _A^* = (a_1^* a_2)^* = a_2^*(a_1^*)^* = a_2^* a_1 = \langle a_2, a_1\rangle $ +%% \end{itemize} +%%\end{MyExercise} +% +%\begin{example} +% Consider a $*$ homomorphism between two matrix algebras $\phi:A\rightarrow B$. +% From it we can construct a Hilbert bimodule $E_{\phi} \in KK_f(A, B)$ in the following way. +% We let $E_{\phi}$ be $B$ in the vector space sense and an inner product from the above +% Exercise \ref{exercise: inner-product}, with $A$ acting on the left with $\phi$. +% \begin{align} +% a\cdot b = \phi(a)b \;\;\;\; a\in A, b\in E_{\phi} +% \end{align} +%\end{example} +% +% +%\subsubsection{Kasparov Product and Morita Equivalence} +%\begin{definition} +% Let $E \in KK_f(A, B)$ and $F \in KK_F(B, D)$ the \textit{Kasparov product} is defined as +% with the balanced tensor product +% \begin{align} +% F \circ E := E \otimes _B F +% \end{align} +% Such that $F\circ E \in KK_f(A,D)$ with a $D$-valued inner product. +% \begin{align} +% \langle e_1 \otimes f_1, e_2 \otimes f_2\rangle _{E\otimes _B F} = \langle f_1,\langle e_1, e_2\rangle _E f_2\rangle _F +% \end{align} +%\end{definition} +% +%\begin{question} +% How do we go from $\langle e_1 \otimes f_1, e_2 \otimes f_2\rangle _{E\otimes _B F}$ to $ +% \langle f_1,\langle e_1, e_2\rangle _E f_2\rangle _F$ \label{q: tensorproduct}\\ +% This statement is still in the definition. +%\end{question} +% +%%\begin{question} +%%What is the meaning of `associative up to isomorphism'? Isomorphism of $F \circ E$ or of $A, B$ or $D$? +%%\end{question} +% +%% \begin{MyExercise} +%% \textbf{ +%% Show that the association $\phi \leadsto E_\phi$ (from the previous Example) is natural +%% in the sense +%% \begin{enumerate} +%% \item $E_{\text{id}_A} \simeq A \in KK_f(A,A)$ +%% \item for $*$-algebra homomorphism $\phi: A \rightarrow B$ and $\psi: B \rightarrow C$ we have +%% an isomorphism +%% \begin{align} +%% E_{\psi} \circ E_{\phi}\ \equiv\ E_{\phi} \otimes _B E_{\psi}\ \simeq\ +%% E_{\psi \circ \phi} \in KK_f(A,C) +%% \end{align} +%% \end{enumerate} +%%} +%% \begin{enumerate} +%% \item $\text{id}_A: A \rightarrow A$.\\ +%% To construct $E_{\phi}\in KK_f(A,A)$, we let $E_{\phi}$ be $A$ with a natural right +%% representation, so $\Rightarrow E_{\phi}\simeq A$.\\ +%% With an inner product, acting on $A$ from the left with $\phi$, $a', a\in A$\\ +%% $a'a = (\phi(a') a) \in A $, which is satisfied by $\text{id}_A$, so $\phi = \text{id}_A$. +%% \item $a \cdot b \cdot c = \psi(\phi (a) \cdot b) \cdot c$ for $a \in A$, $b\in B$, and $c\in C$ +%% which is $\psi \circ \phi$ +%% \end{enumerate} +%%\end{MyExercise} +% +%%\begin{MyExercise} +%% \textbf{ +%% In the definition of Morita equivalence: +%% \begin{enumerate} +%% \item Check that $E \otimes _B F$ is a $A-D$ bimodule +%% \item Check that $\langle \cdot,\cdot\rangle _{E\oplus _B F}$ defines a $D$ valued inner product +%% \item Check that $\langle a^*(e_1 \otimes f_1), e_2 \otimes f_2\rangle _{E \otimes _B F} = \langle e_1 \otimes f_1, a(e_2 \otimes f_2)\rangle _{E \otimes _B F}$. +%% \end{enumerate} +%%} +%% \begin{enumerate} +%% \item $E \otimes _B F = E \otimes F / \{\sum_i e_i b_i \otimes f_i - e_i \otimes b_i f_i; +%% e_i \in E_i, b_i \in B, f_i \in F\}$ the last part takes out all tensor product elements of +%% $E$ and $F$ that don't preserver the left/right representation and that are duplicates. +%% \item $\langle e_1, e_2\rangle _E \in B$ and $\langle f_1, f_2\rangle _F \in C$ by definition. So let $\langle e_1, e_2\rangle _E =b$. \\ +%% Then $\langle e_1 \otimes f_1, e_2 \otimes f_2\rangle _{E\otimes _B F} = \langle f_1, \langle e_1, e_2\rangle _E f_2\rangle _F = +%% \langle f_1, b f_2\rangle _F \in C$ +%% \item Check Question \ref{q: tensorproduct}.\\ +%% But let $G := E\otimes _B F \in KK_f(A,C)$ then $\forall g_1, g_2 \in G$ and $a \in A$ we need +%% by definition $\langle g_1, ag_2\rangle _G = \langle a^*g_1, g_2\rangle _G$ and we set $g_1 = e_1 \otimes f_1$ and +%% $g_2 = e_2 \otimes f_2$ for some $e_1, e_2 \in E$ and $f_1, f_2 \in F$, or else +%% $G \notin KK_f(A,C)$ which would violate the Kasparov product +%% \end{enumerate} +%% \end{MyExercise} +% +%\begin{definition} +% Let $A$, $B$ be \textit{matrix algebras}. They are called \textit{Morita equivalent} if there +% exists an $E \in KK_f(A, B)$ and an $F \in KK_f(B, A)$ such that: +% \begin{align} +% E \otimes _B F \simeq A \;\;\; \text{and} \;\;\; F \otimes _A E \simeq B +% \end{align} +% Where $\simeq$ denotes the isomorphism between Hilbert bimodules, note that $A$ or $B$ is a bimodule by +% itself. +%\end{definition} +% +%\begin{question} +% Why are $E$ and $F$ each others inverse in the Kasparov Product? \\ +% They are each others inverse with respect to the Kasparov Product because we land in the same space as we started. +% In the definition we have $E \in KK_f(A, B)$ we start from $A$ and $E \otimes _B F$ lands in $A$.\\ +% On the other hand we have $F \in KK_f(B, D)$ we start from $B$ and $F \otimes _A E$ lands in $B$. +%\end{question} +% +%\begin{example} +% \ +% \begin{itemize} +% \item Hilber bimodule of $(A,A)$ is $A$ +% \item Let $E \in KK_f(A,B)$, we take $E \circ A = A\oplus _A E \simeq E$ +% \item we conclude, that $_A A_A$ is the identity in the Kasparov product (up to isomorphism) +% \end{itemize} +%\end{example} +% +%\begin{example} +% Let $E = \mathbb{C}^n$, which is a $(M_n(\mathbb{C}), \mathbb{C})$ Hilbert bimodule with the +% standard $\mathbb{C}$ inner product.\\ +% On the other hand let $F = \mathbb{C}^n$, which is a $(\mathbb{C}, M_n(\mathbb{C}))$ Hilbert +% bimodule by right matrix multiplication with $M_n(\mathbb{C})$ valued inner product: +% \begin{align} +% \langle v_1, v_2\rangle =\bar{v_1}v_2^t \;\; \in M_n(\mathbb{C}) +% \end{align} +% Now we take the Kasparov product of $E$ and $F$: +% \begin{itemize} +% \item $F\circ E\ =\ E\otimes _{\mathbb{C}}F\ \;\;\;\;\;\; \simeq \ M_n(\mathbb{C})$ +% \item $E\circ F\ =\ F\otimes _{M_n(\mathbb{C})}E\ \simeq\ \mathbb{C}$ +% \end{itemize} +% $M_n(\mathbb{C})$ and $\mathbb{C}$ are Morita equivalent +%\end{example} +% +%\begin{theorem} +% Two matrix algebras are Morita Equivalent iff their their Structure spaces +% are isomorphic as discreet spaces (have the same cardinality / same number of elements) +%\end{theorem} +%\begin{proof} +% Let $A$, $B$ be \textit{Morita equivalent}. So there exists $_A E_B$ and $_B F_A$ with +% \begin{align} +% E \otimes _B F \simeq A \;\;\; \text{and} \;\;\; F \otimes _A E \simeq B +% \end{align} +% Consider $[(\pi _B, H)] \in \hat{B}$ than we construct a representation of $A$, +% \begin{align} +% \pi _A \rightarrow L(E \otimes _B H)\;\;\; \text{with} \;\;\; \pi _A(a) (e \otimes v) = a e \otimes w +% \end{align} +% \begin{question} +% Is $E \simeq H$ and $F \simeq W$? \\ +% Not in particular, there is a theorem that all infinite dimensional Hilbert spaces are isomorphic. +% Here we are looking at finite dimensional Hilbert spaces.\\ +% Another thing to is that $[\pi _B, H] \in \hat{B}$ and looking at Exercise \ref{ex: bimodule} +% we know that $H$ is a bimodule of $B$, hence $E \otimes _B H\simeq A$, and for $[\pi _A, W]$ +% the same. +% \end{question} +% \textit{vice versa}, consider $[(\pi _A, W)] \in \hat{A}$ we can construct $\pi _B$ +% \begin{align} +% \pi _B: B \rightarrow L(F \otimes _A W) \;\;\; \text{and}\;\;\; \pi _B(b) (f\otimes w) = bf\otimes w +% \end{align} +% These maps are each others inverses, thus $\hat{A} \simeq \hat{B}$ +%\end{proof} +% +%%\begin{MyExercise} +%% \textbf{ +%% Fill in the gaps in the above proof: +%% \begin{enumerate} +%% \item show that the representation of $\pi _A$ defined is irreducible iff $\pi _B$ is. +%% \item Show that the association of the class $[\pi _A]$ to $[\pi _B]$ is independent +%% of the choice of representatives $\pi _A$ and $\pi _B$ +%% \end{enumerate} +%%} +%% +%% \begin{enumerate} +%% \item $(\pi _B, H)$ is irreducible means $H \neq \emptyset$ and only $\emptyset$ or $H$ +%% is invariant under the Action of $B$ on $H$. +%% Than $E\otimes _B H$ cannot be empty, because also $E$ preserves left representation of $A$ +%% and also $E\otimes _B H \simeq A$. +%% \item The important thing is that $[\pi _A] \in \hat{A}$ respectively $[\pi _B] \in \hat{B}$, +%% hence any choice of representation is irreducible, because the structure space denotes all unitary +%% equivalence classes of irreducible representations. +%% \end{enumerate} +%%\end{MyExercise} +% +% \begin{lemma} +% The matrix algebra $M_n(\mathbb{C})$ has a unique irreducible representation (up to isomorphism) +% given by the defining representation on $\mathbb{C}^n$. +%\end{lemma} +%\begin{proof} +% We know $\mathbb{C}^n$ is a irreducible representation of $A= M_n(\mathbb{C})$. Let $H$ be irreducible +% and of dimension $k$, then we define a map +% \begin{align} +% \phi : A\oplus...\oplus A &\rightarrow H^* \\ +% (a_1,...,a_k) &\mapsto e^1\circ a_1^t+...+e^k\circ a_k^t +% \end{align} +% With $\{e^1,...,e^k\}$ being the basis of the dual space $H^*$ and $(\circ)$ being the pre-composition +% of elements in $H^*$ and $A$ acting on $H$. This forms a morphism of $M_n(\mathbb{C})$ modules, +% provided a matrix $a \in A$ acts on $H^*$ with $v\mapsto v\circ a^t$ ($v\in H^*$). +% Furthermore this morphism is surjective, thus making the pullback $\phi ^*:H\mapsto (A^k)^*$ injective. +% Now identify $(A^k)^*$ with $A^k$ as a $A$-module and note that +% $A=M_n(\mathbb{C}) \simeq \oplus ^n \mathbb{C}^n$ as a n A module. +% It follows that $H$ is a submodule of $A^k \simeq \oplus ^{nk}\mathbb{C}$. By irreducibility +% $H \simeq \mathbb{C}$. +%\end{proof} +% +%\begin{example} +% Consider two matrix algebras $A$, and $B$. +% \begin{align} +% A = \bigoplus ^N_{i=1} M_{n_i}(\mathbb{C}) \;\;\; B = \bigoplus ^M_{j=1} M_{m_j}(\mathbb{C}) +% \end{align} +% Let $\hat{A} \simeq \hat{B}$ that implies $N=M$ and define $E$ with $A$ acting by block-diagonal +% matrices on the first tensor and B acting in the same way on the second tensor. Define $F$ vice versa. +% \begin{align} +% E:= \bigoplus _{i=1}^N \mathbb{C}^{n_i} \otimes \mathbb{C}^{m_i} \;\;\; +% F:= \bigoplus _{i=1}^N \mathbb{C}^{m_i} \otimes \mathbb{C}^{n_i} +% \end{align} +% Then we calculate the Kasparov product. +% \begin{align} +% E \otimes _B F &\simeq \bigoplus _{i=1}^N (\mathbb{C}^{n_i}\otimes\mathbb{C}^{m_i}) +% \otimes _{M_{m_i}(\mathbb{C})} (\mathbb{C}^{m_i}\otimes\mathbb{C}^{n_i}) \\ +% &\simeq \bigoplus _{i=1}^N \mathbb{C}^{n_i}\otimes +% \left(\mathbb{C}^{m_i}\otimes _{M_{m_i}(\mathbb{C})}\mathbb{C}^{m_i}\right) +% \oplus \mathbb{C}^{n_i} \\ +% &\simeq \bigoplus _{i=1}^N \mathbb{C}^{m_i}\otimes\mathbb{C}^{n_i} \simeq A +% \end{align} +% and from $F \otimes _A E \simeq B$. +%\end{example} +% +%We conclude that. +%\begin{itemize} +% \item There is a duality between finite spaces and Morita equivalence classes of matrix algebras. +% \item By replacing $*$-homomorphism $A\rightarrow B$ with Hilbert bimodules $(A,B)$ we introduce +% a richer structure of morphism between matrix algebras. +%\end{itemize} +% +%\subsection{Noncommutative Geometric Spaces } +%\subsubsection{Exercises} +% +%%\begin{MyExercise} +%%\textbf{ +%% Make the proof of the last theorem (see week4.pdf) explicit for $N=3$. +%%}\newline +%% +%% For the C* algebra we have $A=\mathbb{C}^3$ +%% For $H$ we have $H = (\mathbb{C}^2)^{\oplus 3} = H_2 \oplus H_2^1 \oplus H_2^2$. +%% The symmetric operator $D$ acting on $H$ and the representation $\pi (a)$: +%% \begin{align} +%% \pi((a(1), a(2), a(3)) &= +%% \begin{pmatrix} +%% a(1) & 0 \\ 0 & a(2) +%% \end{pmatrix} \oplus +%% \begin{pmatrix} +%% a(1) & 0 \\ 0 & a(3) +%% \end{pmatrix} \oplus +%% \begin{pmatrix} +%% a(2) & 0 \\ 0 & a(2) +%% \end{pmatrix} \nonumber \\ +%% & = +%% \begin{pmatrix} +%% a(1) & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ +%% 0 & a(2) & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ +%% 0 & 0 & a(1) & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ +%% 0 & 0 & 0 & a(3) & 0 & 0 \\ +%% 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & a(2) & 0 \\ +%% 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & a(3) +%% \end{pmatrix} \\ +%% D &= +%% \begin{pmatrix} +%% 0 & x_1 \\ x_1 & 0 +%% \end{pmatrix} \oplus +%% \begin{pmatrix} +%% 0 & x_2 \\ x_2 & 0 +%% \end{pmatrix} \oplus +%% \begin{pmatrix} +%% 0 & x_3 \\ x_3 & 0 +%% \end{pmatrix} \nonumber \\ +%% &= +%% \begin{pmatrix} +%% 0 & x_1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ +%% x_1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ +%% 0 & 0 & 0 & x_2 & 0 & 0 \\ +%% 0 & 0 & x_2 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ +%% 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & x_3 \\ +%% 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & x_3 & 0 \\ +%% \end{pmatrix} \\ +%% \end{align} +%% Then the norm of the commutator would be the largest eigenvalue +%% \begin{align} +%% &||[D, \pi(a)]|| = ||D\pi(a) - \pi(a)D||\nonumber\\ +%% &= +%% \left|\left| +%% \setlength{\arraycolsep}{0.1cm} +%% \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{0.1} +%% \begin{pmatrix} +%% 0 & x_1(a(2)-a(1)) & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ +%% -x_1(a(2)-a(1)) & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ +%% 0 & 0 & 0 & x_2(a(3)-a(1)) & 0 & 0 \\ +%% 0 & 0 & -x_2(a(3)-a(1)) & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ +%% 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & x_3(a(3)-a(2)) \\ +%% 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & -x_3(a(2)-a(3)) & 0 \\ +%% \end{pmatrix}\right|\right| \label{skew matrix} +%% \end{align} +%%The matrix in Equation \ref{shew matrix} is a skew symmetric matrix its eigenvalues +%%are $i\lambda_1, i\lambda_2, i\lambda_3, i\lambda_4$, where the $\lambda$'s are on the +%%upper and lower diagonal check \url{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skew-symmetric_ +%%matrix#Skew-symmetrizable_matrix}. The matrix norm of would be the maximum of the norm of +%%the larges eigenvalues: +%%\begin{align} +%% ||[D, \pi(a)]|| = \max_{a\in A}\{&x_1|a(2)-a(1)|,\\ +%% &x_2|(a(3)-a(1))|,\nonumber\\ +%% &x_3|(a(3)-a(2))|,\}\nonumber +%%\end{align} +%%The metric is then: +%%\begin{align} +%% d = +%% \begin{pmatrix} +%% 0 & a(1)-a(2) & a(1)-a(3)\\ +%% a(2)-a(1) & 0 & a(2)-a(3)\\ +%% a(3)-a(1) & a(3)-a(2) & 0 +%% \end{pmatrix} +%%\end{align} +%%\end{MyExercise} +% +%%\begin{MyExercise} +%% \textbf{ +%% Compute the metric on the space of three points given by $d_{ij} = +%% \sup_{a\in A}\{|a(i) - a(j)|: ||[D, \pi(a)]|| \leq 1\}$ for the set of data +%% $A = \mathbb{C}^3$ acting in the defining representation $H = \mathbb{C}^3$, and +%% \begin{align} +%% D = +%% \begin{pmatrix} +%% 0 & d^{-1} & 0 \\ +%% d^{-1} & 0 & 0 \\ +%% 0 & 0 & 0 +%% \end{pmatrix} +%% \end{align} +%% for some $d \in \mathbb{R}$ +%%}\newline +%% +%% We have $A=\mathbb{C}^3$, $H=\mathbb{C}^3$ and $D$ from above, then +%% +%% \begin{align} +%% ||[D, \pi(a)]|| &= d^{-1}\left|\left| +%% \begin{pmatrix} +%% 0 & a(2)-a(1) & 0 \\ +%% -(a(2)-a(1)) & 0 & 0 \\ +%% 0 & 0 & 0 +%% \end{pmatrix} \right|\right| +%% \end{align} +%% The metric is then +%% \begin{align} +%% d = +%% \begin{pmatrix} +%% 0 & a(1)-a(2) & a(1) \\ +%% a(2)-a(1) & 0 & a(2) \\ +%% -a(1) & -a(2) & 0 +%% \end{pmatrix} +%% \end{align} +%%\end{MyExercise} +% +%%\begin{MyExercise} +%% \textbf{ +%% Show that $d_{ij}$ from Equation \ref{ext metric} is a metric on $\hat{A}$ by +%% establishing that: +%% \begin{align} +%% d_{ij} &= 0\;\;\; \Leftrightarrow \;\;\; i=j \label{metric 1} \\ +%% d_{ij} &= d_{ji} \label{metric 2}\\ +%% d_{ij} &\leq d_{ik} + d_{kj} \label{metric 3} +%% \end{align} +%% \begin{equation} \label{ext metric} +%% d_{ij} = \sup_{a\in A}\big\{|\text{Tr}(a(i)) - \text{Tr}((a(j))|: ||[D, a]|| \leq 1\big\} +%% \end{equation} +%%}\newline +%% +%%For Equation \ref{metric 1} set $i=j$ in \ref{ext metric}. +%%\begin{align} +%% d_{ii} &= \sup_{a \in A}\{|\text{Tr}(a(i)) - \text{Tr}((a(i))|: ||[D, a]|| \leq +%% 1\big\} \\ +%% &= \sup_{a \in A}\{0: ||[D, a]|| \leq 1\big\} = 0 +%%\end{align} +%%For Equation \ref{metric 2} obviously we have the commuting property of +%%addition. +%%\newline +%%For Equation \ref{metric 3}, for $k=j$ then $d_{kj} = 0$ and the equality +%%holds. For $i = k$ then $d_{ik} = 0$ and equality holds. Else set $d_{ik} = +%%1$ and $d_{kj} = 1$ then $d_{ij} = 1 \leq d_{ik} + d_{kj} = 2$ +%%\end{MyExercise} +% +%\subsubsection{Properties of Matrix Algebras} +%\begin{lemma} +% If $A$ is a unital C* algebra that acts faithfully on a finite +% dimensional Hilbert space, then $A$ is a matrix algebra of the Form: +% \begin{equation} +% A \simeq \bigoplus _{i=1}^N M_{n_i}(\mathbb{C}) +% \end{equation} +%\end{lemma} +%\begin{proof} +% Since $A$ acts faithfully on a Hilbert space, then $A$ is a C* +% subalgebra of a matrix algebra $L(H) = M_{\dim (H)}(\mathbb{C} +% \Rightarrow A \simeq \text{Matrix algebra}$. +%\end{proof} +% +%\begin{question} +% What does the author mean when he sais 'acts faithfully on a +% Hilbertspace`? Then the representation is fully reducible, or that the +% presentation is irreducible? +% \newline +% +% For a *-representation 'faithful` if it is injective. For a +% *-homomorphism 'faithful` means one-to-one correspondance +%\end{question} +% +%\begin{example} +% $A = M_n(\mathbb{C})$ and $H=\mathbb{C}^n$, $A$ acts on $H$ with matrix +% multiplication and standard inner product. $D$ on $H$ is a hermitian +% matrix $n\times n$ matrix. +%\end{example} +% +%$D$ is referred to as a finite Dirac operator as in as its $\infty$ +%dimensional on Riemannian Spin manifolds coming in Chapter 4. +%\newline +% +%Now can introduce a 'differential 'geometric structure` on the finite space X +%with the \textbf{devided difference} +%\begin{equation} +% \frac{a(i)-a(j)}{d_{ij}} +%\end{equation} +%for each pair $i$, $j$ $\in X$ the finite dimensional discrete space $X$. +%This appears in the entries in the commutator $[D, a]$ in the above +%exercises. +% +%\begin{definition} +% Given an finite spectral triple $(A, H, D)$, the $A$-bimodule of +% Connes' differential one-forms is: +% \begin{equation} +% \Omega _D ^1 (A) := \left\{ \sum _k a_k[D, b_k]: a_k, b_k \in A \right\} +% \end{equation} +%\end{definition} +% +%\begin{question} +% Is the Conne's differential one form the set of all '1st order +% differential operators` given $A$, that act on $H$? +%\end{question} +%Then there is a map $d:A\rightarrow \Omega _D ^1 (A)$, $d = [D, \cdot]$. +%%\begin{MyExercise} +%% \textbf{ +%% Verify that 'd` is a derivation of the C* algebra +%% \begin{align} +%% d(ab) = d(a)b + ad(b) \\ +%% d(a^*) = -d(a)^* +%% \end{align} +%%}\newline +%% +%% For the record $d(\cdot) = [D, \cdot]$, then we have +%% \begin{enumerate} +%% \item +%% \begin{align} +%% d(ab) &= [D, ab] = [D, a]b + a[D,b]\\ +%% &= d(a)b + ad(b) +%% \end{align} +%% \item +%% \begin{align} +%% d(a^*) &= [D, a^*] = Da^* - a^*D \\ +%% &=-(D^*a - aD^*) = -[D^*, a] \\ +%% &= -d(a)^* +%% \end{align} +%% \end{enumerate} +%%\end{MyExercise} +%%\begin{MyExercise} +%% \textbf{ +%% Verify that $\Omega _D^1 (A)$ is an $A$-bimodule by rewriting +%% } +%% \begin{align} +%% a(a_k[D, b_k])b = \sum_k a'_k[D, b'_k] \;\;\;\; a'_k, b'_k \in A +%% \end{align} +%% \newline +%% +%% Begin +%% \begin{align} +%% a(a_k[D, b_k])b &= aa_k(Db_k - b_k D) b = \\ +%% &= aa_k(Db_k b - b_k D b) = aa_k(Db_k b - b_k Db - b_kbD +b_kbD)=\\ +%% &= aa_k(Db_kb-b_kbD + b_k b D - b_k D b) = \\ +%% &= aa_k [D, b_kb] + aa_k b [D, b]=\\ +%% &= \sum _k a_k' [D, b_k'] +%% \end{align} +%% +%%\end{MyExercise} +% +%\begin{lemma} +% Let $(A, H, D) = (M_n(\mathbb{C}, \mathbb{C}^n, D)$, with $D$ a hermitian +% $n\times n$ matrix. If $D$ is not a multiple of the identity then: +% \begin{equation} +% \Omega _D ^1 (A) \simeq M_n(\mathbb{C}) = A +% \end{equation} +%\end{lemma} +% +%\begin{proof} +% Assume $D = \sum _i \lambda _i e_{ii}$ (diagonal), $\lambda _i \in \mathbb{R}$ and +% $\{e_{ij}\}$ the basis of $M_n(\mathbb{C}$. For fixed $i$, $j$ choose $k$ +% such that $\lambda _k \neq \lambda _j$ then +% \begin{align} \label{basis} +% \left(\frac{1}{\lambda _k - \lambda _j} e_{ik}\right) [D, e_{kj}] = +% e_{ij} +% \end{align} +% $e_{ij}\in \Omega _D ^1 (A)$ by the above definition. And $\Omega _D ^1 +% (A) \subset L(\mathbb{C}^n) = H \simeq M_n(\mathbb{C}) = A$ +%\end{proof} +% +%%\begin{MyExercise} +%% \textbf{ +%% Consider $(A=\mathbb{C}^2, H=\mathbb{C}^2, +%% D = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & \lambda \\ \bar{\lambda} & 0 +%% \end{pmatrix})$ with $\lambda \neq 0$. Show that $\Omega _D^1(A) +%% \simeq M_2(\mathbb{C})$ +%% } +%%\newline +%% +%% Because of the Hilbert Basis $D$ can be extended in terms of +%% the basis of $M_2(\mathbb{C})$, plugging this into Equation +%% \ref{basis} will get us the same cyclic result, thus +%% $\Omega _D^1(A) \simeq M_2(\mathbb{C})$ +%%\ +%%\end{MyExercise} +% +%\subsubsection{Morphisms Between Finite Spectral Triples} +%\begin{definition} +% two finite spectral tripes $(A_1, H_1, D_1)$ and $(A_2, H_2, D_2)$ are +% called unitarily equivalent if +% \begin{itemize} +% \item $A_1 = A_2$ +% \item $\exists \;\; U: H_1 \rightarrow H_2$, unitary with +% \begin{enumerate} +% \item $U\pi_1(a)U^* = \pi_2(a)$ with $a \in A_1$ +% \item $UD_1 U^* = D_2$ +% \end{enumerate} +% \end{itemize} +%\end{definition} +% +%Some remarks +%\begin{itemize} +% \item the above is an equivalence relation +% \item spectral unitary equivalence is given by the unitaries of the +% matrix algebra itself +% \item for any such $U$ then $(A, H, D) \sim (A, H, UDU^*)$ +% \item $UDU^* = D + U[D, U^*]$ of the form of elements in +% $\Omega _D^1 (A)$. +%\end{itemize} +% +%%\begin{MyExercise} +%% \textbf{ +%% Show that the unitary equivalence between finite spectral +%% triples is a equivalence relation +%%}\newline +%% +%% An equivalence relation needs to satisfy reflexivity, symmetry +%% transitivity. +%% Let $(A_1, H_1, D_1)$, $(A_2, H_2, D_2)$ and $(A_3, H_3, D_3)$ +%% be three finite spectral triples. +%% \newline +%% +%% For reflexivity $(A_1, H_1, D_1) \sim (A_1, H_1, D_1)$. So there +%% exists a $U: H_1 \rightarrow H_1$ unitary, which is the identity +%% and always exists. +%% \newline +%% +%% For symmetry we need +%% \begin{align} +%% (A_1, H_1, D_1) \sim (A_2, H_2, D_2) \Leftrightarrow +%% (A_2, H_2, D_2) \sim (A_1, H_1, D_1) +%% \end{align} +%% because $U$ is unitary: +%% \begin{align} +%% &U\pi_1(a)U^* = \pi_2(a) \;\;\; | \cdot U^*\boxdot U \\ +%% &U^*U\pi_1(a)U^*U = \pi_1(a) = U^*\pi_2(a)U \\ +%% \end{align} +%% The same with the symmetric operator $D$. +%% \newline +%% +%% For transitivity we need +%% \begin{align} +%% (A_1, H_1, D_1) &\sim (A_2, H_2, D_2) \;\;\; \text{and} \;\;\; +%% (A_2, H_2, D_2) \sim (A_3, H_3, D_3) \\ +%% &\Rightarrow (A_1, H_1, D_1) \sim (A_3, H_3, D_3) +%% \end{align} +%% There are two unitary maps $U_{12}:H_1 \rightarrow H_2$ and +%% $U_{23}: H_2 \rightarrow H_3$ then +%% \begin{align} +%% U_{23}U_{12} \pi_1(a) U^*_{12}U^*_{23} &= U_{23} +%% \pi_2(a) U_23^* \\ +%% &= \pi_3(a) \\ +%% U_{23}U_{12} D_1U^*_{12}U^*_{23} &= U_{23} +%% D_2 U_23^* \\ +%% &= D_3 +%% \end{align} +%%\end{MyExercise} +% +%Extending the this relation we look again at the notion of equivalence from +%Morita equivalence of Matrix Algebras. +%\newline +% +%\begin{definition} +% Let $A$ be an algebra. We say that $I \subset A$, as a vector space, is a +% right(left) ideal if $ab \in I$ for $a \in A$ and $b\in I$ (or $ba \in +% I$, $b\in I$, $a\in A$). We call a left-right ideal simply an ideal. +%\end{definition} +% +%Given a Hilbert bimodule $E \in KK_f(B, A)$ and $(A, H, D)$ we construct +%a finite spectral triple on $B$, $(B, H', D')$ +%\begin{equation} +% H' = E \otimes _A H +%\end{equation} +%We might define $D'$ with $D'(e \otimes \xi) = e\otimes D\xi$, thought this +%would not satisfy the ideal defining the balanced tensor product over $A$, +%which is generated by elements of the form +%\begin{align} +% e a \otimes \xi - e\otimes a \xi ;\;\;\;\; e\in E, a\in A, \xi \in H +%\end{align} +%This inherits the left action on $B$ from $E$ and has a $\mathbb{C}$ +%valued inner product space. $B$ also satisfies the ideal. +%\begin{equation} +% D'(e\otimes \xi) = e \otimes D \xi + \nabla (e) \xi \;\;\;\; e\in +% E, a\in A +%\end{equation} +%Where $\nabla$ is called the \textit{connection on the right A-module E} +%associated with the derivation $d=[D, \cdot]$ and satisfying the +%\textit{Leibnitz Rule} which is +%\begin{equation} +% \nabla(ae) = \nabla(e)a + e \otimes [D, a] \;\;\;\;\; e\in E,\; a\in A +%\end{equation} +%Then $D'$ is well defined on $E \otimes _A H$: +%\begin{align} +% D'(ea \otimes \xi - e \otimes a \xi) &= D'(ea \otimes \xi) - D'(e +% \otimes \xi) \\ +% &= ea\otimes D\xi + \nabla(ae) \xi - e \otimes D(a\xi ) - \nabla (e)a +% \xi \\ +% &= 0. +%\end{align} +%With the information thus far we can prove the following theorem +%\begin{theorem} +% If $(A, H, D)$ a finite spectral triple, $E \in KK_f(B, A)$. +% Then $(V, E\otimes _A H, D')$ is a finite spectral triple, provided that +% $\nabla$ satisfies the compatibility condition +% \begin{equation} +% \langle e_1, \nabla e_2 \rangle _E - \langle \nabla e_1, e_2 +% \rangle _E = d\langle e_1, e_2 \rangle _E \;\;\;\; e_1, e_2 \in E +% \end{equation} +%\end{theorem} +%\begin{proof} +% $E\otimes _A H$ was shown in the previous subsection (text before the +% theorem). The only thing left is to show that $D'$ is a symmetric +% operator, this we can just compute. Let $e_1, e_2 \in E$ and $\xi _1, +% \xi _2 \in H$ then +% \begin{align} +% \langle e_1 \otimes \xi _1, D'(e_2 \otimes \xi_2)\rangle _{E\otimes _A H} &= +% \langle \xi _1, \langle e_1, \nabla e_2\rangle _E \xi _2\rangle + \langle \xi _1 , \langle e_1, e_2\rangle _E D\xi +% _2\rangle _H \\ +% &= \langle \xi _1, \langle \nabla e_1, e_2\rangle _E \xi _2\rangle _H + \langle \xi _1, d\langle e_1, e_2\rangle _E +% \xi _2\rangle _H \\ +% &+ \langle D\xi _1,\langle e_1, e_2\rangle _E \xi _2\rangle _H - \langle \xi _1, [D, \langle e_1, e_2\rangle _E] \xi +% _2 \rangle _H \\ +% &= \langle D'(e_1 \otimes \xi _1), e_2 \otimes \xi _2\rangle _{E \otimes _A H} +% \end{align} +%\end{proof} +% +%%\begin{MyExercise} +%% \textbf{ +%% Let $\nabla$ and $\nabla'$ be two connections on a right $A$-module +%% $E$. Show that $\nabla - \nabla'$ is a right $A$-linear map +%% $E \rightarrow E\otimes _A \Omega _D^1(A)$ +%%}\newline +%% +%% Both $\nabla$ and $\nabla'$ need to satisfy the Leiblitz rule, so +%% let's see if $\nabla - \nabla'$ does. +%% +%% \begin{align} +%% \nabla(ea)-\nabla'(ea)&=\nabla(e) + e\otimes[D, a]\\ +%% &-(\nabla'(e)a + e\otimes[D',a])\\ +%% &=\bar{\nabla}a + e\otimes(Da-aD-D'a+aD')\\ +%% &=\bar{\nabla}a + e\otimes((D-D')a-a(D-D'))\\ +%% &=\bar{\nabla}a + e\otimes[D', a]\\ +%% &=\bar{\nabla}(ea) +%% \end{align} +%% Therefore $\nabla-\nabla'$ is a linear map. +%%\end{MyExercise} +% +%%\begin{MyExercise} +%% \textbf{ +%% Construct a finite spectral triple $(A, H', D')$ from $(A, H, D)$ +%% \begin{enumerate} +%% \item show that the derivation $d(\cdot):A \rightarrow A\otimes _A +%% \Omega_D^1(A)=\Omega_D^1(A)$ is a connection on $A$ +%% considered a right $A$-module +%% \item Upon identifying $A\otimes_A H\simeq H$, what is $D'$ +%% when the connection is $d(\cdot)$. +%% \item Use 1) and 2) to show that any connection $\nabla: +%% A\rightarrow A\otimes_A \Omega_D^1(A)$ is given by +%% \begin{align} +%% \nabla = d + \omega +%% \end{align} +%% where $\omega \in \Omega_D^1(A)$ +%% \item Upon identifying $A\otimes_A H \simeq H$, what is the +%% difference operator $D'$ with the connection on $A$ given by +%% $\nabla = d + \omega$ +%% \end{enumerate} +%%} +%% \begin{enumerate} +%% \item $\nabla(e \cdot a) = d(a)$ +%% \item +%% $D'(a\xi) = a(D\xi) + (\nabla a) \xi = D(a\xi)$ +%% \item Use the identity element $e \in A$\\ +%% $\nabla (e\cdot a) = \nabla(e) a + 1 \otimes d(a)=d(a) +%% \nabla(e) a$ +%% \item $D'(a\otimes \xi) = D'(a \xi) = a(D\xi) + (\nabla a)\xi = +%% a(D\xi) + \nabla(e \cdot a) \xi \\ +%% = D(a\xi) + \nabla(e) (a\xi)$ +%% \end{enumerate} +%%\end{MyExercise} +% +%\subsubsection{Graphing Finite Spectral Triples} +%\begin{definition} +% A \textit{graph} is a ordered pair $(\Gamma ^{(0)}, \Gamma ^{(1)})$. +% Where $\Gamma ^{(0)}$ is the set of vertices (nodes) and $\Gamma ^{(1)}$ +% a set of pairs of vertices (edges) +%\end{definition} +%\begin{figure}[h!] +% \centering +%\begin{tikzpicture}[ +% mass/.style = {draw,circle, minimum size=0.2cm, inner sep=0pt, thick}, +% spring/.style = {decorate,decoration={zigzag, pre length=1cm,post length=1cm,segment length=5pt}},] +% \node[mass] (m1) at (1,1.5) {}; +% \node[mass] (m2) at (-1,1.5) {}; +% \node[mass] (m3) at (0,0) {}; +% +% \draw (m1) -- (m2); +% \draw (m1) -- (m3); +% \draw (m2) -- (m3); +% \end{tikzpicture} +% \caption{A simple graph with three vertices and three edges} +%\end{figure} +%%\begin{MyExercise} +%% \textbf{ +%% Show that any finite-dimensional faithful representation $H$ of a matrix +%% algebra $A$ is completely reducible. To do that show that the complement +%% $W^{\perp}$ of an $A$-submodule $W\subset H$ is also an $A$-submodule +%% of $H$. +%%}\newline +%% +%% $A\simeq \bigoplus_{i=1}^N M_{n_i}(\mathbb{C})$ is the matrix algebra +%% then $H$ is a Hilbert $A$-bimodule and $W$ a submodule of $A$. +%% Because we have $H = W \cup W^{\perp}$, then $W^{\perp}$ is naturally a +%% $A$-submodule, because elements in $W^{\perp}$ need to satisfy the +%% bimodularity. +%%\end{MyExercise} +%\begin{definition} +% A $\Lambda$-decorated graph is given by an ordered pair $(\Gamma, +% \Lambda)$ of a finite graph $\Gamma$ and a set of positive integers +% $\Lambda$ with the labeling +% \begin{itemize} +% \item of the vetices $v\in \Gamma ^{(0)}$ given by $n(\nu) \in +% \Lambda$ +% \item of the edges $e = (\nu _1, \nu _2) \in \Gamma ^{(1)}$ by +% operators +% \begin{itemize} +% \item $D_e: \mathbb{C}^{n(\nu _1)} \rightarrow +% \mathbb{C}^{n(\nu _2)}$ +% \item and $D_e^*: \mathbb{C}^{n(\nu _2)} \rightarrow +% \mathbb{C}^{n(\nu _1)}$ its conjugate traspose +% (pullback?) +% \end{itemize} +% \end{itemize} +% such that +% \begin{equation} +% n(\Gamma ^{(0)}) = \Lambda +% \end{equation} +%\end{definition} +%\begin{question} +% Would then $D_e$ be the pullback? +%\end{question} +%\begin{question} +% These graphs are important in the next chapter I should look +% into it more, I don't understand much here, specific +% how to construct them with the abstraction of a spectral triple... +%\end{question} +% +%The operator $D_e$ between $\textbf{n}_i$ and $\textbf{n}_j$ add up to +%$D_{ij}$ +%\begin{align} +% D_{ij} = \sum\limits_{\substack{e = (\nu _1, \nu _2) \\ n(\nu _1) = +% \textbf{n}_i \\ n(\nu _2) = \textbf{n}_j}} D_e +%\end{align} +% +%\begin{theorem} +% There is a on to one correspondence between finite spectral triples +% modulo unitary equivalence and $\Lambda$-decorated graphs, given by +% associating a finite spectral triples $(A, H, D)$ to a $\Lambda$ decorated +% graph $(\Gamma, \Lambda)$ in the following way: +% \begin{equation} +% A = \bigoplus _{n\in \Lambda} M_n(\mathbb{C}); \;\;\; +% H = \bigoplus _{\nu \in \Gamma ^{(0)}} \mathbb{C}^{n(\nu)}; \;\;\; +% D = \sum _{e \in \Gamma ^{(1)}} D_e + D_e^* +% \end{equation} +%\end{theorem} +% \begin{figure}[h!] +% \centering +% \begin{tikzpicture}[ +% mass/.style = {draw,circle, minimum size=0.3cm, inner sep=0pt, thick}, +% ] +% +% \node[mass, label={\textbf{n}}] (m1) at (1,0) {}; +% \draw (m1) to [out=330, in=210, looseness=25] node[above] {$D_e$} (m1); +% \end{tikzpicture} +% \caption{A $\Lambda$-decorated Graph of $(M_n(\mathbb{C}), \mathbb{C}^n, +% D = D_e + D_e^*)$} +%\end{figure} +% +%%\begin{MyExercise} +%% \textbf{ +%% Draw a $\Lambda$ decorated graph corresponding to the spectral triple +%% $(A=\mathbb{C}^3, H=\mathbb{C}^3, D=\begin{pmatrix}0 & \lambda & 0\\ +%% \bar{\lambda} &0 &0 \\ 0&0&0\end{pmatrix})$ +%%}\newline +%% +%%\centering +%%\begin{tikzpicture}[ +%% mass/.style = {draw,circle, minimum size=0.4cm, inner sep=0pt, thick}, +%% spring/.style = {decorate,decoration={zigzag, pre length=1cm,post length=1cm,segment length=5pt}},] +%% \node[mass] (m1) at (-1,1.5) {\textbf{1}}; +%% \node[mass] (m2) at (1,1.5) {\textbf{2}}; +%% \node[mass] (m3) at (3,1.5) {\textbf{3}}; +%% +%% \draw[style=thick, -] (1.1,1.7) -- (-1.1,1.7); +%% \draw[style=thick, -] (1.1,1.3) -- (-1.1,1.3); +%% \end{tikzpicture} +%% % \captionof{figure}{Solution} +%%\end{MyExercise} +%%\begin{MyExercise} +%% \textbf{ +%% Use $\Lambda$-decorated graphs to classify all finite spectral triples +%% (modulo unitary equivalence) on the matrix algebra +%% $A=\mathbb{C}\oplus M_2(\mathbb{C})$ +%%}\newline +%% +%% \centering +%%\begin{tikzpicture}[ +%% mass/.style = {draw,circle, minimum size=0.4cm, inner sep=0pt, thick}, +%% spring/.style = {decorate,decoration={zigzag, pre length=1cm,post length=1cm,segment length=5pt}},] +%% \node[mass] (m1) at (-1,1) {\textbf{1}}; +%% \node[mass] (m2) at (1,1) {\textbf{2}}; +%% \node[mass] (m3) at (3,1) {\textbf{3}}; +%% +%% \node[mass] (m4) at (-1,0) {\textbf{1}}; +%% \node[mass] (m5) at (1,0) {\textbf{2}}; +%% \node[mass] (m6) at (3,0) {\textbf{3}}; +%% +%% \node[mass] (m7) at (-1,-1) {\textbf{1}}; +%% \node[mass] (m8) at (1,-1) {\textbf{2}}; +%% \node[mass] (m9) at (3,-1) {\textbf{3}}; +%% +%% \node[mass] (m10) at (-1,-2) {\textbf{1}}; +%% \node[mass] (m11) at (1,-2) {\textbf{2}}; +%% \node[mass] (m12) at (3,-2) {\textbf{3}}; +%% +%% \draw[style=thick, -] (1.1,0.2) -- (-1.1,0.2); +%% \draw[style=thick, -] (1.1,-0.2) -- (-1.1,-0.2); +%% \draw[style=thick, -] (m7) to [out=330, in=210, looseness=10] node[above] {} (m7); +%% \draw[style=thick, -] (m10) -- (m11) ; +%% +%%\end{tikzpicture} +%%% \captionof{figure}{Solution $A=M_3(\mathbb{C})$} +%%\end{MyExercise} +%\subsubsection{Graph Construction of Finite Spectral Triples} +%\textbf{Algebra:}We know if a acts on a finite dimensional Hilbert space then +%this C* algebra is isomorphic to a matrix algebra so $A \simeq +%\bigoplus_{i=1}^{N}M_{n_i}(\mathbb{C})$. Where $i\in +%\hat{A}$ represents an equivalence class and runs from $1$ to $N$, +%thus $\hat{A}\simeq\{1,\dots, N\}$. We label equivalence classes by +%$\textbf{n}_i$, then $\hat{A}\simeq\{\textbf{n}_1,\dots,\textbf{n}_N\}$. +%\newline +% +%\textbf{Hilbert Space:} Since every Hilbert space that acts faithfully on a +%C* algebra is completely reducible, it is isomorphic to the composition +%of irreducible representations. $H \simeq \bigoplus_{i=1}^N\mathbb{C}^{n_i} +%\otimes V_i$. Where all $V_i$'s are Vector spaces, their dimension is the +%multiplicity of the representation landed by $\textbf{n}_i$ to $V_i$ itself +%by the multiplicity space. +%\newline +% +%\textbf{Finite Dirac Operator:} $D_{ij}$ is connecting nodes $\textbf{n}_i$ +%and $\textbf{n}_j$, with a symmetric map $D_{ij}:\mathbb{C}^{n_i}\otimes V_i +%\rightarrow \mathbb{C}^{n_j}\otimes V_j$ +%\newline +% +%To draw a graph, draw nodes in position $\textbf{n}_i\in \hat{A}$. +%Multiple nodes at the same position represent multiplicities in $H$. +%Draw lines between nodes to represent $D_{ij}$. +% +%\begin{figure}[h!] +% \centering +%\begin{tikzpicture} +% \node[draw, label=above:{$\textbf{n}_1$},circle, thick] at (-3,0) {}; +% \node[label=above:{$\dots$}] at (-2,0) {}; +% \node[draw, label=above:{$\textbf{n}_i$},circle, thick] at (-1,0) {}; +% \node[label=above:{$\dots$}] at (0,0) {}; +% \node[draw, label=above:{$\textbf{n}_j$},circle, thick] at (1,0) {}; +% \node[draw, label=above:{},circle, thick, inner sep=0cm, minimum +% size=0.2cm] at (1,0) {}; +% \node[label=above:{$\dots$}] at (2,0) {}; +% \node[draw, label=above:{$\textbf{n}_N$},circle, thick] at (3,0) {}; +% +% \draw[style=thick, -] (-1,-0.2) -- (1,-0.2); +% \draw[style=thick, -] (-1,0.2) -- (1,0.2); +% \path[style=thick, -] (-1,-0.2) edge[bend right=15] +% node[pos=0.5,below] {} (3,-0.2); +% \end{tikzpicture} +% \caption{Example} +%\end{figure} +% +%\subsection{Finite Real Noncommutative Spaces} +%\subsubsection{Finite Real Spectral Triples} +%Add on to finite real spectral triples a \textit{real structure}. The +%requirement is that $H$ is a $A$-$A$-bimodule (before only a $A$-left +%module). +%\newline +% +%For this we introduce a $\mathbb{Z}_2$-grading $\gamma$ with +%\begin{align} +% &\gamma ^* = \gamma \\ +% &\gamma ^2 = 1 \\ +% &\gamma D = - D \gamma\\ +% &\gamma a = a \gamma \;\;\;\; a\in A +%\end{align} +% +%\begin{definition} +% A \textit{finite real spectral triple} is given by a finite spectral +% triple $(A, H, D)$ and a anti-unitary operator $J:H\rightarrow H$ called +% the \textit{real structure}, such that +% \begin{align} +% a^\circ := J a^* J^{-1} +% \end{align} +% is a right representation of $A$ on $H$, that is $(ab)^\circ = b^\circ +% a^\circ$. With two requirements +% \begin{align} +% &[a, b^\circ] = 0\\ +% &[[D, a],b^\circ] = 0. +% \end{align} +% They are called the \textit{commutant property}, and mean that the left +% action of an element in $A$ and $\Omega _D^1(A)$ commutes with the right +% action on $A$. +%\end{definition} +%\begin{definition} +% The $KO$-dimension of a real spectral triple is determined by the sings +% $\epsilon, \epsilon ' ,\epsilon '' \in \{-1, 1\}$ appearing in +% \begin{align} +% &J^2 = \epsilon \\ +% &JD = \epsilon \ DJ\\ +% &J\gamma = \epsilon '' \gamma J. +% \end{align} +%\end{definition} +%\begin{table}[h!] +% \centering +% \caption{$KO$-dimension $k$ modulo $8$ of a real spectral triple} +% \begin{tabular}{ c | c c c c c c c c} +% \hline +% $k$ & 0 & 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6 & 7 \\ +% \hline +% $\epsilon$ & 1 & 1 & -1 & -1 & -1 & -1 & 1 & 1 \\ +% $\epsilon '$ & 1 & -1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & -1 & 1 & 1 \\ +% $\epsilon ''$ & 1 & & -1 & & 1 & & -1 & \\ +% \hline +% \end{tabular} +%\end{table} +% +% +%\begin{definition} +%An opposite-algebra $A^\circ$ of a $A$ is defined to be equal to $A$ as a +%vector space with the opposite product +%\begin{align} +% &a\circ b := ba\\ +% &\Rightarrow a^\circ = Ja^* J^{-1} \;\;\; \text{defines the left +% representation of $A^\circ$ on $H$} +%\end{align} +%\end{definition} +% +% +%\begin{example} +% Matrix algebra $M_N(\mathbb{C})$ acting on $H=M_N(\mathbb{C})$ by left +% matrix multiplication with the Hilbert Schmidt inner product. +% \begin{align} +% \langle a , b \rangle = \text{Tr}(a^* b) +% \end{align} +% Then we define $\gamma (a) = a$ and $J(a) = a^*$ with $a\in H$. +% Since $D$ mus be odd with respect to $\gamma$ it vanishes identically. +%\end{example} +% +%\begin{definition} +% We call $\xi \in H$ \textbf{cyclic vector} in $A$ if: +% \begin{align} +% A\xi := { a\xi:\;\; a\in A} = H +% \end{align} +% +% We call $\xi \in H$ \textbf{separating vector} in $A$ if: +% \begin{align} +% a\xi = 0\;\; \Rightarrow \;\; a=0;\;\;\; a\in A +% \end{align} +%\end{definition} +% +%%\begin{MyExercise} +%% \textbf{ +%% In the previous example, show that the right action on $M_N(\mathbb{C})$ +%% on $H = M_N(\mathbb{C})$ as defined by $a \mapsto a^\circ$ +%% is given by right matrix multiplication. +%%}\newline +%% +%% \begin{align} +%% a^\circ \xi = J a^* J^{-1}\xi = Ja^* \xi^* = J\xi a=\xi^* a +%% \end{align} +%%\end{MyExercise} +%%\begin{MyExercise} +%% \textbf{ +%% Let $A= \bigoplus _i M_{n_i}(\mathbb{C})$, represented on $H = \bigoplus_i \mathbb{C}^{n_i} +%% \otimes \mathbb{C}^{m_i}$, meaning that the irreducible representation $\textbf{n}_i$ has +%% multiplicity $m_i$. +%% \begin{enumerate} +%% \item Show that the commutant $A'$ of $A$ is $A'\simeq \bigoplus_i M_{m_i} (\mathbb{C})$. As a consequence show $A'' \simeq A$. +%% \item Show that if $\xi$ is a separating vector for $A$ than it is cyclic for $A'$. +%% \end{enumerate} +%% } +%% +%% +%% \begin{enumerate} +%% \item We know the multiplicity space is $V_i = \mathbb{C}^{m_i}$. We know that +%% for $T\in H$ and +%% $a\in A'$ to work we need $aT=Ta$ by laws of matrix multiplication we need +%% $A' \simeq \oplus _i M_{m_i}(\mathbb{C})$ for this to work since $H = \bigoplus_i +%% \mathbb{C}^{n_i} +%% \otimes \mathbb{C}^{m_i}$ +%% +%% \item Suppose $\xi$ is cyclic for $A$ then $A'\xi = \{0\}$. Under the action of $A$ we +%% then have $A'A\xi = AA' \xi = 0 \Rightarrow A' = 0$.\\ +%% Suppose now $\xi$ is separating for $A'$, we have $A'\xi = \{0\}$. We can define a +%% projection in $A'$, $A\xi = P'$. With this projection we have $(1-P')\xi = 0 +%% \Rightarrow 1-P' = 0 \Rightarrow A\xi = H$. +%% \end{enumerate} +%%\end{MyExercise} +%%\begin{MyExercise} +%% \textbf{ Suppose $(A, H, D = 0)$ is a finite spectral triple such that $H$ possesses a +%% cyclic and separating vector for $A$. +%% \begin{enumerate} +%% \item Show that the formula $S(a \xi) = a* \xi$ defines a anti-linear operator\\ +%% $S: H \rightarrow H$. +%% \item Show that $S$ is invertible +%% \item Let $J: H \rightarrow H$ be the operator in $S = J \Delta ^{1/2}$ with +%% $\Delta = S^*S$. Show that $J$ is anti-unitary +%% \end{enumerate} +%% } +%% +%% +%% \begin{enumerate} +%% \item By composition $S(a\xi) = a*\xi$ this is literally anti-linearity. Does this mean +%% $S\xi = \xi$? +%% \item Let $\xi \in H$ be cyclic then: $S(A\xi) = A^*\xi = A\xi = H$. The same has to work +%% for $S^{-1}$ if not then $\xi$ wouldn't exist. $S^{-1}(A^*\xi) = S^{-1}(H) = H$. +%% \item Since $S$ is bijective then $\Delta ^{1/2}$ and $J$ need to be bijective. +%% We also have $J = S \Delta^{-1/2}$ and $\Delta^* = \Delta$\\ +%% Now let $\xi _1 , \xi _2 \in H$ \begin{align} +%% <J \xi _1 , J \xi _2 > &= < J^*J\xi_1 , \xi_2>^* =\\ +%% &= <(\Delta ^{-1/2})^* S^* S \Delta ^{-1/2} \xi_1, \xi_2>^* = \\ +%% &= <(\Delta^{-1/2})^* \Delta \Delta^{-1/2} \xi_1, \xi_2>^* =\\ +%% &= <\Delta^{-1/2} \Delta^{1/2}\Delta^{1/2} \Delta^{-1/2} \xi_1, \xi_2>^* =\\ +%% &= <\xi _1, \xi_2>^* = <\xi_2 , \xi_1>. +%% \end{align} +%% \end{enumerate} +%%\end{MyExercise} +%\subsubsection{Morphisms Between Finite Real Spectral Triples} +%Extend unitary equivalence of finite spectral triples to real ones (with $J$ +%and $\gamma$) +% +%\begin{definition} +% We call two finite real spectral triples $(A_1, H_1 ,D_1 ; J_1 , \gamma +% _1)$ and $(A_2, H_2, D_2; J_2, \gamma _2)$ unitarily equivalent if $A_1 = +% A_2$ and if there exists a unitary operator $U: H_1 \rightarrow H_2$ such +% that +% \begin{align} +% &U\pi_1(a) U^* = \pi _2(a)\\ +% &UD_1U^*=D_2\\ +% &U\gamma _1 U^* = \gamma _2\\ +% &UJ_1 U^* = J_2 +% \end{align} +%\end{definition} +%\begin{definition} +% Let $E$ be a $B$-$A$ bimodule. The \textit{conjugate Module} $E^\circ$ is +% given by the $A$-$B$-bimodule. +% \begin{align} +% E^\circ = \{\bar{e} : e\in E\} +% \end{align} +% with +% \begin{align} +% a \cdot \bar{e} \cdot b = b^* \bar{e} a^* \;\;\;\; \forall a\in A, b \in +% B +% \end{align} +%\end{definition} +%$E^\circ$ is not a Hilbert bimodule for $(A, B)$ because it doesn't have a +%natural $B$-valued inner product. But there is a $A$-valued inner product on +%the left $A$-module $E^\circ$ with +%\begin{align} +% \langle \bar{e}_1, \bar{e}_2 \rangle = \langle e_2 , e_1 \rangle +% \;\;\;\; e_1, e_2 \in E +%\end{align} +%and linearity in $A$: +%\begin{align} +% \langle a \bar{e}_1, \bar{e}_2 \rangle = a \langle \bar{e}_1, \bar{e}_2 +% \rangle \;\;\;\; \forall a \in A. +%\end{align} +% +%%\begin{MyExercise} +%% \textbf{Show that $E^\circ$ is a Hilbert bimodule $(B^{\circ}, A^{\circ})$ +%% }\newline +%% +%% +%% Straightforward show properties of the Hilbert bimodule and its $B^{\circ}$ +%% valued inner product. Let $\bar{e}_1, \bar{e}_2 \in E^{\circ}$ and $a^\circ \in A, +%% b^\circ \in B$. \\ +%% \begin{align} +%% <\bar{e}_1, a^\circ \bar{e}_2> &= <\bar{e}_1, Ja^*J^{-1} \bar{e}_2>=\\ +%% &= <\bar{e}_1 , J a^* e_2> = \\ +%% &= <J^{-1} e_1, a^* e_2> =\\ +%% & = <a^* e_1, e_2>= <J^{-1}(a^\circ)^* J e_1, e_2> = \\ +%% & = <J^{-1} (a^\circ)^* \bar{e}_1, e_2> =\\ +%% & = <(a^\circ)^* \bar{e}_1 , \bar{e}_2>. +%% \end{align} +%% +%% Next $<\bar{e}_1, \bar{e}_2 b^\circ> = <\bar{e}_1, \bar{e_2}> b^\circ$. +%% \begin{align} +%% <\bar{e}_1, \bar{e}_2 b^\circ> &= <\bar{e}_1, \bar{e}_2 Jb^*J^{-1}> =\\ +%% &= <\bar{e}_1, \bar{e_2}> Jb^*J^{-1} = \\ +%% &= <\bar{e}_1, \bar{e}_2> b^\circ. +%% \end{align} +%% Then: +%% \begin{align} +%% (<\bar{e}_1, \bar{e}_2)>_{E^\circ})^* &= (<e_2, e_1>_E)^* =\\ +%% &= <e_1, e_2>_E^* = <\bar{e}_2, \bar{e}_2>_{E^\circ} +%% \end{align} +%% And of course $<\bar{e}, \bar{e}> = <e, e> \geq 0$ +%%\end{MyExercise} +% +%\subsubsection{Construction of a Finite Real Spectral Triple from a Finite +%Real Spectral Triple} +%Given a Hilbert bimodule $E$ for $(B, A)$ we construct a spectral triple +%$(B, H', D'; J', \gamma ')$ from $(A, H, D; J, \gamma)$ +% +%For the $H'$ we make a $\mathbb{C}$-valued inner product on $H'$ by combining +%the $A$ valued inner product on $E$ and $E^\circ$ with the +%$\mathbb{C}$-valued inner product on $H$. +%\begin{align} +% H' := E\otimes _A H \otimes _A E^\circ +%\end{align} +% +%Then the action of $B$ on $H'$ is: +%\begin{align} +% b(e_2 \otimes \xi \otimes \bar{e}_2 ) = (be_1) \otimes \xi \otimes +% \bar{e}_2 +%\end{align} +%The right action of $B$ on $H'$ defined by action on the right component +%$E^\circ$ +%\begin{align} +% J'(e_1 \otimes \xi \otimes \bar{e}_2) = e_2 \otimes J \xi \otimes +% \bar{e}_1 +%\end{align} +%with $b^\circ = J' b^* (J')^{-1}$, $b^* \in B$ action on $H'$. +%\newline +% +% +%\newpage +%%\begin{MyExercise} +%% \textbf{ Let $\nabla : E \Rightarrow E \otimes _A \Omega _d^1 (A)$ be a right connection on $E$ +%% consider the following anti-linear map: +%% \begin{align} +%% \tau : E \otimes_A \Omega _D^1 (A) &\rightarrow \Omega _D^1 (A) \otimes_A E^\circ\\ +%% e \otimes \omega &\mapsto -\omega ^* \otimes \bar{e} +%% \end{align} +%% Show that the map $\bar{\nabla} : E^\circ \rightarrow \Omega _D^1(A) \otimes E^\circ$ +%% with $\bar{\nabla}(\bar{e}) = \tau \circ \nabla(e)$ is a left connection, that means +%% show that it satisfied the left Leibniz rule: +%% \begin{equation} +%% \bar{\nabla}(a\bar{e}) = [D, a] \otimes \bar{e} + a \bar{\nabla}(\bar{e}) +%% \end{equation} +%% } +%% +%% Hagime: +%% \begin{align} +%% &\text{For one:}\\ +%% &\tau \circ \nabla(ae) = \bar{\nabla}(a\bar{e}) = \bar{\nabla}(a^* \bar{e})\\ +%% &\text{For two:}\\ +%% &\tau \circ \nabla(ae) = \tau(\nabla(e)a) + \tau \circ(e \otimes d(a))=\\ +%% &=a^*\bar{\nabla}(\bar{e}) - d(a)^* \otimes \bar{e}. \\ +%% &= a^*\bar{\nabla}(\bar{e}) + d(a^*) \otimes \bar{e}. +%% \end{align} +%%\end{MyExercise} +%Then the connections +%\begin{align} +% &\nabla: E \rightarrow E\otimes _A \Omega _D ^1(A) \\ +% &\bar{\nabla}:E^\circ \rightarrow \Omega _D^1(A) \otimes _A E^\circ +%\end{align} +%give us the Dirac operator on $H' = E \otimes _A H \otimes _A E^\circ$ +%\begin{align} +% D'(e_1 \otimes \xi \otimes \bar{e}_2) = (\nabla e_1) \xi \otimes +% \bar{e_2}+ e_1 \otimes D\xi \otimes \bar{e}_2 + e_1 \otimes +% \xi(\bar{\nabla}\bar{e}_2) +%\end{align} +% +%And the right action of $\omega \in \Omega _D ^1(A)$ on $\xi \in H$ is +%defined by +%\begin{align} +% \xi \mapsto \epsilon' J \omega ^* J^{-1}\xi +%\end{align} +% +%Finally for the grading +%\begin{align} +% \gamma ' = 1 \otimes \gamma \otimes 1 +%\end{align} +% +%\begin{theorem} +% Suppose $(A, H, D; J, \gamma)$ is a finite spectral triple of +% $KO$-dimension $k$, let $\nabla$ be like above satisfying the +% compatibility condition (like with finite spectral triples). +% +% Then $(B, H',D'; J', \gamma')$ is a finite spectral triple of +% $KO$-Dimension $k$. ($H', D', J', \gamma'$ like above) +%\end{theorem} +% +%\begin{proof} +% The only thing left is to check if the $KO$-dimension is preserved, +% for this we check if the $\epsilon$'s are the same. +% \begin{align} +% &(J')^2 = 1 \otimes J^2 \otimes 1 = \epsilon\\ +% &J' \gamma '= \epsilon ''\gamma'J' +% \end{align} +% and for $\epsilon '$ +% \begin{align} +% J'D'(e_1 \otimes \xi \otimes \bar{e}_2)&=J'((\nabla e_1) \xi \otimes +% \bar{e_2} + e_1 \otimes D\xi \otimes \bar{e}_2 + e_1 \otimes \xi (\tau +% \nabla e_2))\\ +% &= \epsilon' D'(e_2 \otimes J\xi \otimes \bar{e}_2)\\ +% &= \epsilon' D'J'(e_1 \otimes \xi \bar{e}_2) +% \end{align} +%\end{proof} +% +% +%\end{document} diff --git a/src/thesis/main.aux b/src/thesis/main.aux @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ +\relax +\providecommand\hyper@newdestlabel[2]{} +\providecommand\zref@newlabel[2]{} +\providecommand\HyperFirstAtBeginDocument{\AtBeginDocument} +\HyperFirstAtBeginDocument{\ifx\hyper@anchor\@undefined +\global\let\oldcontentsline\contentsline 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<bcf:key>uniquelist</bcf:key> + <bcf:value>false</bcf:value> + </bcf:option> + <bcf:option type="singlevalued"> + <bcf:key>uniquename</bcf:key> + <bcf:value>false</bcf:value> + </bcf:option> + <bcf:option type="singlevalued"> + <bcf:key>uniqueprimaryauthor</bcf:key> + <bcf:value>0</bcf:value> + </bcf:option> + <bcf:option type="singlevalued"> + <bcf:key>uniquetitle</bcf:key> + <bcf:value>0</bcf:value> + </bcf:option> + <bcf:option type="singlevalued"> + <bcf:key>uniquebaretitle</bcf:key> + <bcf:value>0</bcf:value> + </bcf:option> + <bcf:option type="singlevalued"> + <bcf:key>uniquework</bcf:key> + <bcf:value>0</bcf:value> + </bcf:option> + <bcf:option type="singlevalued"> + <bcf:key>useprefix</bcf:key> + <bcf:value>0</bcf:value> + </bcf:option> + <bcf:option type="singlevalued"> + <bcf:key>useafterword</bcf:key> + <bcf:value>1</bcf:value> + </bcf:option> + <bcf:option type="singlevalued"> + <bcf:key>useannotator</bcf:key> + <bcf:value>1</bcf:value> + </bcf:option> + <bcf:option type="singlevalued"> + <bcf:key>useauthor</bcf:key> + <bcf:value>1</bcf:value> + </bcf:option> + <bcf:option type="singlevalued"> + <bcf:key>usebookauthor</bcf:key> + <bcf:value>1</bcf:value> + </bcf:option> + <bcf:option type="singlevalued"> + <bcf:key>usecommentator</bcf:key> + <bcf:value>1</bcf:value> + </bcf:option> + <bcf:option type="singlevalued"> + <bcf:key>useeditor</bcf:key> + <bcf:value>1</bcf:value> + </bcf:option> + <bcf:option type="singlevalued"> + <bcf:key>useeditora</bcf:key> + <bcf:value>1</bcf:value> + </bcf:option> + <bcf:option type="singlevalued"> + <bcf:key>useeditorb</bcf:key> + <bcf:value>1</bcf:value> + </bcf:option> + <bcf:option type="singlevalued"> + <bcf:key>useeditorc</bcf:key> + <bcf:value>1</bcf:value> + </bcf:option> + <bcf:option type="singlevalued"> + <bcf:key>useforeword</bcf:key> + <bcf:value>1</bcf:value> + </bcf:option> + <bcf:option type="singlevalued"> + <bcf:key>useholder</bcf:key> + <bcf:value>1</bcf:value> + </bcf:option> + <bcf:option type="singlevalued"> + <bcf:key>useintroduction</bcf:key> + <bcf:value>1</bcf:value> + </bcf:option> + <bcf:option type="singlevalued"> + <bcf:key>usenamea</bcf:key> + <bcf:value>1</bcf:value> + </bcf:option> + <bcf:option type="singlevalued"> + <bcf:key>usenameb</bcf:key> + <bcf:value>1</bcf:value> + </bcf:option> + <bcf:option type="singlevalued"> + <bcf:key>usenamec</bcf:key> + <bcf:value>1</bcf:value> + </bcf:option> + <bcf:option type="singlevalued"> + <bcf:key>usetranslator</bcf:key> + <bcf:value>0</bcf:value> + </bcf:option> + <bcf:option type="singlevalued"> + <bcf:key>useshortauthor</bcf:key> + <bcf:value>1</bcf:value> + </bcf:option> + <bcf:option type="singlevalued"> + <bcf:key>useshorteditor</bcf:key> + <bcf:value>1</bcf:value> + </bcf:option> + </bcf:options> + <!-- BIBLATEX OPTION SCOPE --> + <bcf:optionscope type="GLOBAL"> + <bcf:option datatype="xml">datamodel</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="xml">labelalphanametemplate</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="xml">labelalphatemplate</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="xml">inheritance</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="xml">translit</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="xml">uniquenametemplate</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="xml">sortingnamekeytemplate</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="xml">sortingtemplate</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="xml">extradatespec</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="xml">labelnamespec</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="xml">labeltitlespec</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="xml">labeldatespec</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">controlversion</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">alphaothers</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">sortalphaothers</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">presort</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">texencoding</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">bibencoding</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">sortingtemplatename</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">sortlocale</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">language</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">autolang</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">langhook</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">indexing</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">hyperref</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">backrefsetstyle</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">block</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">pagetracker</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">citecounter</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">citetracker</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">ibidtracker</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">idemtracker</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">opcittracker</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">loccittracker</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">labeldate</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">labeltime</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">dateera</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">date</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">time</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">eventdate</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">eventtime</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">origdate</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">origtime</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">urldate</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">urltime</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">alldatesusetime</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">alldates</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">alltimes</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">gregorianstart</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">autocite</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">notetype</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">uniquelist</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">uniquename</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">refsection</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">refsegment</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">citereset</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">sortlos</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">babel</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">datelabel</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">backrefstyle</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">arxiv</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">familyinits</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">giveninits</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">prefixinits</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">suffixinits</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">useafterword</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">useannotator</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">useauthor</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">usebookauthor</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">usecommentator</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">useeditor</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">useeditora</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">useeditorb</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">useeditorc</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">useforeword</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">useholder</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">useintroduction</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">usenamea</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">usenameb</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">usenamec</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">usetranslator</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">useshortauthor</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">useshorteditor</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">debug</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">loadfiles</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">safeinputenc</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">sortcase</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">sortupper</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">terseinits</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">abbreviate</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">dateabbrev</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">clearlang</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">sortcites</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">sortsets</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">backref</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">backreffloats</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">trackfloats</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">parentracker</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">labeldateusetime</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">datecirca</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">dateuncertain</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">dateusetime</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">eventdateusetime</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">origdateusetime</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">urldateusetime</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">julian</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">datezeros</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">timezeros</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">timezones</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">seconds</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">autopunct</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">punctfont</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">labelnumber</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">labelalpha</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">labeltitle</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">labeltitleyear</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">labeldateparts</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">nohashothers</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">nosortothers</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">noroman</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">singletitle</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">uniquetitle</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">uniquebaretitle</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">uniquework</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">uniqueprimaryauthor</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">defernumbers</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">locallabelwidth</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">bibwarn</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">useprefix</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">skipbib</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">skipbiblist</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">skiplab</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">dataonly</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">defernums</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">firstinits</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">sortfirstinits</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">sortgiveninits</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">labelyear</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">isbn</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">url</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">doi</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">eprint</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">related</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">subentry</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">bibtexcaseprotection</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="integer">mincrossrefs</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="integer">minxrefs</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="integer">maxnames</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="integer">minnames</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="integer">maxbibnames</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="integer">minbibnames</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="integer">maxcitenames</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="integer">mincitenames</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="integer">maxsortnames</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="integer">minsortnames</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="integer">maxitems</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="integer">minitems</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="integer">maxalphanames</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="integer">minalphanames</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="integer">maxparens</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="integer">dateeraauto</bcf:option> + </bcf:optionscope> + <bcf:optionscope type="ENTRYTYPE"> + <bcf:option datatype="string">alphaothers</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">sortalphaothers</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">presort</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">indexing</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">citetracker</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">ibidtracker</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">idemtracker</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">opcittracker</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">loccittracker</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">uniquelist</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">uniquename</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">familyinits</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">giveninits</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">prefixinits</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">suffixinits</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">useafterword</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">useannotator</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">useauthor</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">usebookauthor</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">usecommentator</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">useeditor</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">useeditora</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">useeditorb</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">useeditorc</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">useforeword</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">useholder</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">useintroduction</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">usenamea</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">usenameb</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">usenamec</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">usetranslator</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">useshortauthor</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">useshorteditor</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">terseinits</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">abbreviate</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">dateabbrev</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">clearlang</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">labelnumber</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">labelalpha</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">labeltitle</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">labeltitleyear</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">labeldateparts</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">nohashothers</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">nosortothers</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">noroman</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">singletitle</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">uniquetitle</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">uniquebaretitle</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">uniquework</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">uniqueprimaryauthor</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">useprefix</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">skipbib</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">skipbiblist</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">skiplab</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">dataonly</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">skiplos</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">labelyear</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">isbn</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">url</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">doi</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">eprint</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">related</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">subentry</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">bibtexcaseprotection</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="xml">labelalphatemplate</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="xml">translit</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="xml">sortexclusion</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="xml">sortinclusion</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="xml">labelnamespec</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="xml">labeltitlespec</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="xml">labeldatespec</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="integer">maxnames</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="integer">minnames</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="integer">maxbibnames</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="integer">minbibnames</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="integer">maxcitenames</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="integer">mincitenames</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="integer">maxsortnames</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="integer">minsortnames</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="integer">maxitems</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="integer">minitems</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="integer">maxalphanames</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="integer">minalphanames</bcf:option> + </bcf:optionscope> + <bcf:optionscope type="ENTRY"> + <bcf:option datatype="string">noinherit</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string" backendin="sortingnamekeytemplatename,uniquenametemplatename,labelalphanametemplatename">nametemplates</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string" backendout="1">labelalphanametemplatename</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string" backendout="1">uniquenametemplatename</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string" backendout="1">sortingnamekeytemplatename</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">presort</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string" backendout="1">indexing</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string" backendout="1">citetracker</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string" backendout="1">ibidtracker</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string" backendout="1">idemtracker</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string" backendout="1">opcittracker</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string" backendout="1">loccittracker</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">uniquelist</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">uniquename</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">familyinits</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">giveninits</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">prefixinits</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">suffixinits</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">useafterword</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">useannotator</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">useauthor</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">usebookauthor</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">usecommentator</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">useeditor</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">useeditora</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">useeditorb</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">useeditorc</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">useforeword</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">useholder</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">useintroduction</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">usenamea</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">usenameb</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">usenamec</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">usetranslator</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">useshortauthor</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">useshorteditor</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">terseinits</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">abbreviate</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">dateabbrev</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">clearlang</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">labelnumber</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">labelalpha</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">labeltitle</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">labeltitleyear</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">labeldateparts</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">nohashothers</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">nosortothers</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">noroman</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">singletitle</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">uniquetitle</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">uniquebaretitle</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">uniquework</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">uniqueprimaryauthor</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">useprefix</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">skipbib</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">skipbiblist</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">skiplab</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendin="uniquename=false,uniquelist=false,skipbib=true,skipbiblist=true,skiplab=true">dataonly</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">skiplos</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">isbn</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">url</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">doi</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">eprint</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">related</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">subentry</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">bibtexcaseprotection</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="integer" backendin="maxcitenames,maxbibnames,maxsortnames">maxnames</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="integer" backendin="mincitenames,minbibnames,minsortnames">minnames</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="integer" backendout="1">maxbibnames</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="integer" backendout="1">minbibnames</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="integer" backendout="1">maxcitenames</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="integer" backendout="1">mincitenames</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="integer" backendout="1">maxsortnames</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="integer" backendout="1">minsortnames</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="integer" backendout="1">maxitems</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="integer" backendout="1">minitems</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="integer" backendout="1">maxalphanames</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="integer" backendout="1">minalphanames</bcf:option> + </bcf:optionscope> + <bcf:optionscope type="NAMELIST"> + <bcf:option datatype="string" backendin="sortingnamekeytemplatename,uniquenametemplatename,labelalphanametemplatename">nametemplates</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string" backendout="1">labelalphanametemplatename</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string" backendout="1">uniquenametemplatename</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string" backendout="1">sortingnamekeytemplatename</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">uniquelist</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">uniquename</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">familyinits</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">giveninits</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">prefixinits</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">suffixinits</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">terseinits</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">nohashothers</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean">nosortothers</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">useprefix</bcf:option> + </bcf:optionscope> + <bcf:optionscope type="NAME"> + <bcf:option datatype="string" backendin="sortingnamekeytemplatename,uniquenametemplatename,labelalphanametemplatename">nametemplates</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string" backendout="1">labelalphanametemplatename</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string" backendout="1">uniquenametemplatename</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string" backendout="1">sortingnamekeytemplatename</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="string">uniquename</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">familyinits</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">giveninits</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">prefixinits</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">suffixinits</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">terseinits</bcf:option> + <bcf:option datatype="boolean" backendout="1">useprefix</bcf:option> + </bcf:optionscope> + <!-- DATAFIELDSETS --> + <bcf:datafieldset name="setnames"> + <bcf:member datatype="name" fieldtype="list"/> + </bcf:datafieldset> + <bcf:datafieldset name="settitles"> + <bcf:member field="title"/> + <bcf:member field="booktitle"/> + <bcf:member field="eventtitle"/> + <bcf:member field="issuetitle"/> + <bcf:member field="journaltitle"/> + <bcf:member field="maintitle"/> + <bcf:member field="origtitle"/> + </bcf:datafieldset> + <!-- SOURCEMAP --> + <bcf:sourcemap> + <bcf:maps datatype="bibtex" level="driver"> + <bcf:map> + <bcf:map_step map_field_set="day" map_null="1"/> + </bcf:map> + <bcf:map> + <bcf:map_step map_type_source="conference" map_type_target="inproceedings"/> + <bcf:map_step map_type_source="electronic" map_type_target="online"/> + <bcf:map_step map_type_source="www" map_type_target="online"/> + </bcf:map> + <bcf:map> + <bcf:map_step map_type_source="mastersthesis" map_type_target="thesis" map_final="1"/> + <bcf:map_step map_field_set="type" map_field_value="mathesis"/> + </bcf:map> + <bcf:map> + <bcf:map_step map_type_source="phdthesis" map_type_target="thesis" map_final="1"/> + <bcf:map_step map_field_set="type" map_field_value="phdthesis"/> + </bcf:map> + <bcf:map> + <bcf:map_step map_type_source="techreport" map_type_target="report" map_final="1"/> + <bcf:map_step map_field_set="type" map_field_value="techreport"/> + </bcf:map> + <bcf:map> + <bcf:map_step map_field_source="hyphenation" map_field_target="langid"/> + <bcf:map_step map_field_source="address" map_field_target="location"/> + <bcf:map_step map_field_source="school" map_field_target="institution"/> + <bcf:map_step map_field_source="annote" map_field_target="annotation"/> + <bcf:map_step map_field_source="archiveprefix" map_field_target="eprinttype"/> + <bcf:map_step map_field_source="journal" map_field_target="journaltitle"/> + <bcf:map_step map_field_source="primaryclass" map_field_target="eprintclass"/> + <bcf:map_step map_field_source="key" map_field_target="sortkey"/> + <bcf:map_step map_field_source="pdf" map_field_target="file"/> + </bcf:map> + </bcf:maps> + </bcf:sourcemap> + <!-- LABELALPHA NAME TEMPLATE --> + <bcf:labelalphanametemplate name="global"> + <bcf:namepart order="1" use="1" pre="1" substring_width="1" substring_compound="1">prefix</bcf:namepart> + <bcf:namepart order="2">family</bcf:namepart> + </bcf:labelalphanametemplate> + <!-- LABELALPHA TEMPLATE --> + <bcf:labelalphatemplate type="global"> + <bcf:labelelement order="1"> + <bcf:labelpart final="1">shorthand</bcf:labelpart> + <bcf:labelpart>label</bcf:labelpart> + <bcf:labelpart substring_width="3" substring_side="left" ifnames="1">labelname</bcf:labelpart> + <bcf:labelpart substring_width="1" substring_side="left">labelname</bcf:labelpart> + </bcf:labelelement> + <bcf:labelelement order="2"> + <bcf:labelpart substring_width="2" substring_side="right">year</bcf:labelpart> + </bcf:labelelement> + </bcf:labelalphatemplate> + <!-- EXTRADATE --> + <bcf:extradatespec> + <bcf:scope> + <bcf:field order="1">labelyear</bcf:field> + <bcf:field order="2">year</bcf:field> + </bcf:scope> + </bcf:extradatespec> + <!-- INHERITANCE --> + <bcf:inheritance> + <bcf:defaults inherit_all="true" override_target="false"> + </bcf:defaults> + <bcf:inherit> + <bcf:type_pair source="mvbook" target="inbook"/> + <bcf:type_pair source="mvbook" target="bookinbook"/> + <bcf:type_pair source="mvbook" target="suppbook"/> + <bcf:type_pair source="book" target="inbook"/> + <bcf:type_pair source="book" target="bookinbook"/> + <bcf:type_pair source="book" target="suppbook"/> + <bcf:field source="author" target="author"/> + <bcf:field source="author" target="bookauthor"/> + </bcf:inherit> + <bcf:inherit> + <bcf:type_pair source="mvbook" target="book"/> + <bcf:type_pair source="mvbook" target="inbook"/> + <bcf:type_pair source="mvbook" target="bookinbook"/> + <bcf:type_pair source="mvbook" target="suppbook"/> + <bcf:field source="title" target="maintitle"/> + <bcf:field source="subtitle" target="mainsubtitle"/> + <bcf:field source="titleaddon" target="maintitleaddon"/> + <bcf:field source="shorttitle" skip="true"/> + <bcf:field source="sorttitle" skip="true"/> + <bcf:field source="indextitle" skip="true"/> + <bcf:field source="indexsorttitle" skip="true"/> + </bcf:inherit> + <bcf:inherit> + <bcf:type_pair source="mvcollection" target="collection"/> + <bcf:type_pair source="mvcollection" target="reference"/> + <bcf:type_pair source="mvcollection" target="incollection"/> + <bcf:type_pair source="mvcollection" target="inreference"/> + <bcf:type_pair source="mvcollection" target="suppcollection"/> + <bcf:type_pair source="mvreference" target="collection"/> + <bcf:type_pair source="mvreference" target="reference"/> + <bcf:type_pair source="mvreference" target="incollection"/> + <bcf:type_pair source="mvreference" target="inreference"/> + <bcf:type_pair source="mvreference" target="suppcollection"/> + <bcf:field source="title" target="maintitle"/> + <bcf:field source="subtitle" target="mainsubtitle"/> + <bcf:field source="titleaddon" target="maintitleaddon"/> + <bcf:field source="shorttitle" skip="true"/> + <bcf:field source="sorttitle" skip="true"/> + <bcf:field source="indextitle" skip="true"/> + <bcf:field source="indexsorttitle" skip="true"/> + </bcf:inherit> + <bcf:inherit> + <bcf:type_pair source="mvproceedings" target="proceedings"/> + <bcf:type_pair source="mvproceedings" target="inproceedings"/> + <bcf:field source="title" target="maintitle"/> + <bcf:field source="subtitle" target="mainsubtitle"/> + <bcf:field source="titleaddon" target="maintitleaddon"/> + <bcf:field source="shorttitle" skip="true"/> + <bcf:field source="sorttitle" skip="true"/> + <bcf:field source="indextitle" skip="true"/> + <bcf:field source="indexsorttitle" skip="true"/> + </bcf:inherit> + <bcf:inherit> + <bcf:type_pair source="book" target="inbook"/> + <bcf:type_pair source="book" target="bookinbook"/> + <bcf:type_pair source="book" target="suppbook"/> + <bcf:field source="title" target="booktitle"/> + <bcf:field source="subtitle" target="booksubtitle"/> + <bcf:field source="titleaddon" target="booktitleaddon"/> + <bcf:field source="shorttitle" skip="true"/> + <bcf:field source="sorttitle" skip="true"/> + <bcf:field source="indextitle" skip="true"/> + <bcf:field source="indexsorttitle" skip="true"/> + </bcf:inherit> + <bcf:inherit> + <bcf:type_pair source="collection" target="incollection"/> + <bcf:type_pair source="collection" target="inreference"/> + <bcf:type_pair source="collection" target="suppcollection"/> + <bcf:type_pair source="reference" target="incollection"/> + <bcf:type_pair source="reference" target="inreference"/> + <bcf:type_pair source="reference" target="suppcollection"/> + <bcf:field source="title" target="booktitle"/> + <bcf:field source="subtitle" target="booksubtitle"/> + <bcf:field source="titleaddon" target="booktitleaddon"/> + <bcf:field source="shorttitle" skip="true"/> + <bcf:field source="sorttitle" skip="true"/> + <bcf:field source="indextitle" skip="true"/> + <bcf:field source="indexsorttitle" skip="true"/> + </bcf:inherit> + <bcf:inherit> + <bcf:type_pair source="proceedings" target="inproceedings"/> + <bcf:field source="title" target="booktitle"/> + <bcf:field source="subtitle" target="booksubtitle"/> + <bcf:field source="titleaddon" target="booktitleaddon"/> + <bcf:field source="shorttitle" skip="true"/> + <bcf:field source="sorttitle" skip="true"/> + <bcf:field source="indextitle" skip="true"/> + <bcf:field source="indexsorttitle" skip="true"/> + </bcf:inherit> + <bcf:inherit> + <bcf:type_pair source="periodical" target="article"/> + <bcf:type_pair source="periodical" target="suppperiodical"/> + <bcf:field source="title" target="journaltitle"/> + <bcf:field source="subtitle" target="journalsubtitle"/> + <bcf:field source="titleaddon" target="journaltitleaddon"/> + <bcf:field source="shorttitle" skip="true"/> + <bcf:field source="sorttitle" skip="true"/> + <bcf:field source="indextitle" skip="true"/> + <bcf:field source="indexsorttitle" skip="true"/> + </bcf:inherit> + <bcf:inherit> + <bcf:type_pair source="*" target="*"/> + <bcf:field source="ids" skip="true"/> + <bcf:field source="crossref" skip="true"/> + <bcf:field source="xref" skip="true"/> + <bcf:field source="entryset" skip="true"/> + <bcf:field source="entrysubtype" skip="true"/> + <bcf:field source="execute" skip="true"/> + <bcf:field source="label" skip="true"/> + <bcf:field source="options" skip="true"/> + <bcf:field source="presort" skip="true"/> + <bcf:field source="related" skip="true"/> + <bcf:field source="relatedoptions" skip="true"/> + <bcf:field source="relatedstring" skip="true"/> + <bcf:field source="relatedtype" skip="true"/> + <bcf:field source="shorthand" skip="true"/> + <bcf:field source="shorthandintro" skip="true"/> + <bcf:field source="sortkey" skip="true"/> + </bcf:inherit> + </bcf:inheritance> + <!-- UNIQUENAME TEMPLATES --> + <bcf:uniquenametemplate name="global"> + <bcf:namepart order="1" use="1" base="1">prefix</bcf:namepart> + <bcf:namepart order="2" base="1">family</bcf:namepart> + <bcf:namepart order="3">given</bcf:namepart> + </bcf:uniquenametemplate> + <!-- SORTING NAME KEY TEMPLATES --> + <bcf:sortingnamekeytemplate name="global"> + <bcf:keypart order="1"> + <bcf:part type="namepart" order="1" use="1">prefix</bcf:part> + <bcf:part type="namepart" order="2">family</bcf:part> + </bcf:keypart> + <bcf:keypart order="2"> + <bcf:part type="namepart" order="1">given</bcf:part> + </bcf:keypart> + <bcf:keypart order="3"> + <bcf:part type="namepart" order="1">suffix</bcf:part> + </bcf:keypart> + <bcf:keypart order="4"> + <bcf:part type="namepart" order="1" use="0">prefix</bcf:part> + </bcf:keypart> + </bcf:sortingnamekeytemplate> + <bcf:presort>mm</bcf:presort> + <!-- DATA MODEL --> + <bcf:datamodel> + <bcf:constants> + <bcf:constant type="list" name="gender">sf,sm,sn,pf,pm,pn,pp</bcf:constant> + <bcf:constant type="list" name="nameparts">family,given,prefix,suffix</bcf:constant> + <bcf:constant type="list" name="optiondatatypes">boolean,integer,string,xml</bcf:constant> + <bcf:constant type="list" name="multiscriptforms">default,transliteration,transcription,translation</bcf:constant> + </bcf:constants> + <bcf:entrytypes> + <bcf:entrytype>article</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>artwork</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>audio</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>bibnote</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>book</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>bookinbook</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>booklet</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>collection</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>commentary</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>customa</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>customb</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>customc</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>customd</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>custome</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>customf</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>dataset</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>inbook</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>incollection</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>inproceedings</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>inreference</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>image</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>jurisdiction</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>legal</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>legislation</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>letter</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>manual</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>misc</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>movie</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>music</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>mvcollection</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>mvreference</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>mvproceedings</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>mvbook</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>online</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>patent</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>performance</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>periodical</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>proceedings</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>reference</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>report</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>review</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>set</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>software</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>standard</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>suppbook</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>suppcollection</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>suppperiodical</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>thesis</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>unpublished</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>video</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype skip_output="true">xdata</bcf:entrytype> + </bcf:entrytypes> + <bcf:fields> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="integer">sortyear</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="integer">volume</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="integer">volumes</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">abstract</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">addendum</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">annotation</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">booksubtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">booktitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">booktitleaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">chapter</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">edition</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">eid</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">entrysubtype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">eprintclass</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">eprinttype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">eventtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">eventtitleaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">gender</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">howpublished</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">indexsorttitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">indextitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">isan</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">isbn</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">ismn</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">isrn</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">issn</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">issue</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">issuesubtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">issuetitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">issuetitleaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">iswc</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">journalsubtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">journaltitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">journaltitleaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">label</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">langid</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">langidopts</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">library</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">mainsubtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">maintitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">maintitleaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">nameaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">note</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">number</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">origtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">pagetotal</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">part</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">relatedstring</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">relatedtype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">reprinttitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">series</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">shorthandintro</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">subtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">title</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">titleaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">usera</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">userb</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">userc</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">userd</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">usere</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">userf</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">venue</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal">version</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal" label="true">shorthand</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal" label="true">shortjournal</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal" label="true">shortseries</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal" label="true">shorttitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal" skip_output="true">sorttitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal" skip_output="true">sortshorthand</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal" skip_output="true">sortkey</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="literal" skip_output="true">presort</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="list" datatype="literal">institution</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="list" datatype="literal">lista</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="list" datatype="literal">listb</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="list" datatype="literal">listc</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="list" datatype="literal">listd</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="list" datatype="literal">liste</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="list" datatype="literal">listf</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="list" datatype="literal">location</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="list" datatype="literal">organization</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="list" datatype="literal">origlocation</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="list" datatype="literal">origpublisher</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="list" datatype="literal">publisher</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="list" datatype="name">afterword</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="list" datatype="name">annotator</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="list" datatype="name">author</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="list" datatype="name">bookauthor</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="list" datatype="name">commentator</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="list" datatype="name">editor</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="list" datatype="name">editora</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="list" datatype="name">editorb</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="list" datatype="name">editorc</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="list" datatype="name">foreword</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="list" datatype="name">holder</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="list" datatype="name">introduction</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="list" datatype="name">namea</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="list" datatype="name">nameb</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="list" datatype="name">namec</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="list" datatype="name">translator</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="list" datatype="name" label="true">shortauthor</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="list" datatype="name" label="true">shorteditor</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="list" datatype="name" skip_output="true">sortname</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="key">authortype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="key">editoratype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="key">editorbtype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="key">editorctype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="key">editortype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="key">bookpagination</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="key">nameatype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="key">namebtype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="key">namectype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="key">pagination</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="key">pubstate</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="key">type</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="list" datatype="key">language</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="list" datatype="key">origlanguage</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="entrykey">crossref</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="entrykey">xref</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="date" skip_output="true">date</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart" nullok="true">endyear</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart" nullok="true">year</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">month</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">day</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">hour</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">minute</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">second</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">timezone</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">season</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">endmonth</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">endday</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">endhour</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">endminute</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">endsecond</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">endtimezone</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">endseason</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="date" skip_output="true">eventdate</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart" nullok="true">eventendyear</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart" nullok="true">eventyear</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">eventmonth</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">eventday</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">eventhour</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">eventminute</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">eventsecond</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">eventtimezone</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">eventseason</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">eventendmonth</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">eventendday</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">eventendhour</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">eventendminute</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">eventendsecond</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">eventendtimezone</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">eventendseason</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="date" skip_output="true">origdate</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart" nullok="true">origendyear</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart" nullok="true">origyear</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">origmonth</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">origday</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">orighour</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">origminute</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">origsecond</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">origtimezone</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">origseason</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">origendmonth</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">origendday</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">origendhour</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">origendminute</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">origendsecond</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">origendtimezone</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">origendseason</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="date" skip_output="true">urldate</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart" nullok="true">urlendyear</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart" nullok="true">urlyear</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">urlmonth</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">urlday</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">urlhour</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">urlminute</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">urlsecond</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">urltimezone</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">urlseason</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">urlendmonth</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">urlendday</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">urlendhour</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">urlendminute</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">urlendsecond</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">urlendtimezone</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="datepart">urlendseason</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="verbatim">doi</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="verbatim">eprint</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="verbatim">file</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="verbatim">verba</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="verbatim">verbb</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="verbatim">verbc</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="uri">url</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" format="xsv" datatype="entrykey" skip_output="true">xdata</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" format="xsv" datatype="entrykey" skip_output="true">ids</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" format="xsv" datatype="entrykey" skip_output="true">entryset</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" format="xsv" datatype="entrykey">related</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" format="xsv" datatype="keyword">keywords</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" format="xsv" datatype="option" skip_output="true">options</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" format="xsv" datatype="option" skip_output="true">relatedoptions</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="range">pages</bcf:field> + <bcf:field fieldtype="field" datatype="code">execute</bcf:field> + </bcf:fields> + <bcf:entryfields> + <bcf:field>abstract</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>annotation</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>authortype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>bookpagination</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>crossref</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>day</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>doi</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eprint</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eprintclass</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eprinttype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>endday</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>endhour</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>endminute</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>endmonth</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>endseason</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>endsecond</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>endtimezone</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>endyear</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>entryset</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>entrysubtype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>execute</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>file</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>gender</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>hour</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>ids</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>indextitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>indexsorttitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>isan</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>ismn</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>iswc</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>keywords</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>label</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>langid</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>langidopts</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>library</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>lista</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>listb</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>listc</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>listd</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>liste</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>listf</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>minute</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>month</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>namea</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>nameb</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>namec</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>nameatype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>namebtype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>namectype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>nameaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>options</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>origday</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>origendday</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>origendhour</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>origendminute</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>origendmonth</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>origendseason</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>origendsecond</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>origendtimezone</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>origendyear</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>orighour</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>origminute</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>origmonth</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>origseason</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>origsecond</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>origtimezone</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>origyear</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>origlocation</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>origpublisher</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>origtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>pagination</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>presort</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>related</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>relatedoptions</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>relatedstring</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>relatedtype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>season</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>second</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>shortauthor</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>shorteditor</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>shorthand</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>shorthandintro</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>shortjournal</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>shortseries</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>shorttitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>sortkey</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>sortname</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>sortshorthand</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>sorttitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>sortyear</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>timezone</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>url</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>urlday</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>urlendday</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>urlendhour</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>urlendminute</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>urlendmonth</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>urlendsecond</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>urlendtimezone</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>urlendyear</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>urlhour</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>urlminute</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>urlmonth</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>urlsecond</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>urltimezone</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>urlyear</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>usera</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>userb</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>userc</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>userd</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>usere</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>userf</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>verba</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>verbb</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>verbc</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>xdata</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>xref</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>year</bcf:field> + </bcf:entryfields> + <bcf:entryfields> + <bcf:entrytype>set</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:field>entryset</bcf:field> + </bcf:entryfields> + <bcf:entryfields> + <bcf:entrytype>article</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:field>addendum</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>annotator</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>author</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>commentator</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editor</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editora</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editorb</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editorc</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editortype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editoratype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editorbtype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editorctype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eid</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>issn</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>issue</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>issuetitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>issuesubtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>issuetitleaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>journalsubtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>journaltitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>journaltitleaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>language</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>note</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>number</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>origlanguage</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>pages</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>pubstate</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>series</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>subtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>title</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>titleaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>translator</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>version</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>volume</bcf:field> + </bcf:entryfields> + <bcf:entryfields> + <bcf:entrytype>bibnote</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:field>note</bcf:field> + </bcf:entryfields> + <bcf:entryfields> + <bcf:entrytype>book</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:field>author</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>addendum</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>afterword</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>annotator</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>chapter</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>commentator</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>edition</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editor</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editora</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editorb</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editorc</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editortype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editoratype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editorbtype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editorctype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eid</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>foreword</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>introduction</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>isbn</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>language</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>location</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>maintitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>maintitleaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>mainsubtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>note</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>number</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>origlanguage</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>pages</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>pagetotal</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>part</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>publisher</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>pubstate</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>series</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>subtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>title</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>titleaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>translator</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>volume</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>volumes</bcf:field> + </bcf:entryfields> + <bcf:entryfields> + <bcf:entrytype>mvbook</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:field>addendum</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>afterword</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>annotator</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>author</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>commentator</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>edition</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editor</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editora</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editorb</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editorc</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editortype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editoratype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editorbtype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editorctype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>foreword</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>introduction</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>isbn</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>language</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>location</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>note</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>number</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>origlanguage</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>pagetotal</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>publisher</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>pubstate</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>series</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>subtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>title</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>titleaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>translator</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>volume</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>volumes</bcf:field> + </bcf:entryfields> + <bcf:entryfields> + <bcf:entrytype>inbook</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>bookinbook</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>suppbook</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:field>addendum</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>afterword</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>annotator</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>author</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>booktitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>bookauthor</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>booksubtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>booktitleaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>chapter</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>commentator</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>edition</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editor</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editora</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editorb</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editorc</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editortype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editoratype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editorbtype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editorctype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eid</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>foreword</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>introduction</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>isbn</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>language</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>location</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>mainsubtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>maintitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>maintitleaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>note</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>number</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>origlanguage</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>part</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>publisher</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>pages</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>pubstate</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>series</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>subtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>title</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>titleaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>translator</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>volume</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>volumes</bcf:field> + </bcf:entryfields> + <bcf:entryfields> + <bcf:entrytype>booklet</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:field>addendum</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>author</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>chapter</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editor</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editortype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eid</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>howpublished</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>language</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>location</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>note</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>pages</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>pagetotal</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>pubstate</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>subtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>title</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>titleaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>type</bcf:field> + </bcf:entryfields> + <bcf:entryfields> + <bcf:entrytype>collection</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>reference</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:field>addendum</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>afterword</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>annotator</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>chapter</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>commentator</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>edition</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editor</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editora</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editorb</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editorc</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editortype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editoratype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editorbtype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editorctype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eid</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>foreword</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>introduction</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>isbn</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>language</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>location</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>mainsubtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>maintitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>maintitleaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>note</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>number</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>origlanguage</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>pages</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>pagetotal</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>part</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>publisher</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>pubstate</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>series</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>subtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>title</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>titleaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>translator</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>volume</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>volumes</bcf:field> + </bcf:entryfields> + <bcf:entryfields> + <bcf:entrytype>mvcollection</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>mvreference</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:field>addendum</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>afterword</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>annotator</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>author</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>commentator</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>edition</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editor</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editora</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editorb</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editorc</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editortype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editoratype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editorbtype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editorctype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>foreword</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>introduction</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>isbn</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>language</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>location</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>note</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>number</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>origlanguage</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>publisher</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>pubstate</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>subtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>title</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>titleaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>translator</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>volume</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>volumes</bcf:field> + </bcf:entryfields> + <bcf:entryfields> + <bcf:entrytype>incollection</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>suppcollection</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>inreference</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:field>addendum</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>afterword</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>annotator</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>author</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>booksubtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>booktitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>booktitleaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>chapter</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>commentator</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>edition</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editor</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editora</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editorb</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editorc</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editortype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editoratype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editorbtype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editorctype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eid</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>foreword</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>introduction</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>isbn</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>language</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>location</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>mainsubtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>maintitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>maintitleaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>note</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>number</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>origlanguage</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>pages</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>part</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>publisher</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>pubstate</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>series</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>subtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>title</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>titleaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>translator</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>volume</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>volumes</bcf:field> + </bcf:entryfields> + <bcf:entryfields> + <bcf:entrytype>dataset</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:field>addendum</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>author</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>edition</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editor</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editortype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>language</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>location</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>note</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>number</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>organization</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>publisher</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>pubstate</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>series</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>subtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>title</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>titleaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>type</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>version</bcf:field> + </bcf:entryfields> + <bcf:entryfields> + <bcf:entrytype>manual</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:field>addendum</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>author</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>chapter</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>edition</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editor</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editortype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eid</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>isbn</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>language</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>location</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>note</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>number</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>organization</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>pages</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>pagetotal</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>publisher</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>pubstate</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>series</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>subtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>title</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>titleaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>type</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>version</bcf:field> + </bcf:entryfields> + <bcf:entryfields> + <bcf:entrytype>misc</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>software</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:field>addendum</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>author</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editor</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editortype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>howpublished</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>language</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>location</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>note</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>organization</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>pubstate</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>subtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>title</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>titleaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>type</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>version</bcf:field> + </bcf:entryfields> + <bcf:entryfields> + <bcf:entrytype>online</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:field>addendum</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>author</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editor</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editortype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>language</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>note</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>organization</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>pubstate</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>subtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>title</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>titleaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>version</bcf:field> + </bcf:entryfields> + <bcf:entryfields> + <bcf:entrytype>patent</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:field>addendum</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>author</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>holder</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>location</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>note</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>number</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>pubstate</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>subtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>title</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>titleaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>type</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>version</bcf:field> + </bcf:entryfields> + <bcf:entryfields> + <bcf:entrytype>periodical</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:field>addendum</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editor</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editora</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editorb</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editorc</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editortype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editoratype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editorbtype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editorctype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>issn</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>issue</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>issuesubtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>issuetitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>issuetitleaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>language</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>note</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>number</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>pubstate</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>season</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>series</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>subtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>title</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>titleaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>volume</bcf:field> + </bcf:entryfields> + <bcf:entryfields> + <bcf:entrytype>mvproceedings</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:field>addendum</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editor</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editortype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventday</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventendday</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventendhour</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventendminute</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventendmonth</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventendseason</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventendsecond</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventendtimezone</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventendyear</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventhour</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventminute</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventmonth</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventseason</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventsecond</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventtimezone</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventyear</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventtitleaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>isbn</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>language</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>location</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>note</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>number</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>organization</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>pagetotal</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>publisher</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>pubstate</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>series</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>subtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>title</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>titleaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>venue</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>volumes</bcf:field> + </bcf:entryfields> + <bcf:entryfields> + <bcf:entrytype>proceedings</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:field>addendum</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>chapter</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editor</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editortype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eid</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventday</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventendday</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventendhour</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventendminute</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventendmonth</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventendseason</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventendsecond</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventendtimezone</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventendyear</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventhour</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventminute</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventmonth</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventseason</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventsecond</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventtimezone</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventyear</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventtitleaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>isbn</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>language</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>location</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>mainsubtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>maintitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>maintitleaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>note</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>number</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>organization</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>pages</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>pagetotal</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>part</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>publisher</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>pubstate</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>series</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>subtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>title</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>titleaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>venue</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>volume</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>volumes</bcf:field> + </bcf:entryfields> + <bcf:entryfields> + <bcf:entrytype>inproceedings</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:field>addendum</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>author</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>booksubtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>booktitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>booktitleaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>chapter</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editor</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editortype</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eid</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventday</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventendday</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventendhour</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventendminute</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventendmonth</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventendseason</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventendsecond</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventendtimezone</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventendyear</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventhour</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventminute</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventmonth</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventseason</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventsecond</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventtimezone</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventyear</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventtitleaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>isbn</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>language</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>location</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>mainsubtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>maintitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>maintitleaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>note</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>number</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>organization</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>pages</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>part</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>publisher</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>pubstate</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>series</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>subtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>title</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>titleaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>venue</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>volume</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>volumes</bcf:field> + </bcf:entryfields> + <bcf:entryfields> + <bcf:entrytype>report</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:field>addendum</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>author</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>chapter</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eid</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>institution</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>isrn</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>language</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>location</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>note</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>number</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>pages</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>pagetotal</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>pubstate</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>subtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>title</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>titleaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>type</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>version</bcf:field> + </bcf:entryfields> + <bcf:entryfields> + <bcf:entrytype>thesis</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:field>addendum</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>author</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>chapter</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eid</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>institution</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>language</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>location</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>note</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>pages</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>pagetotal</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>pubstate</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>subtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>title</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>titleaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>type</bcf:field> + </bcf:entryfields> + <bcf:entryfields> + <bcf:entrytype>unpublished</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:field>addendum</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>author</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventday</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventendday</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventendhour</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventendminute</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventendmonth</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventendseason</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventendsecond</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventendtimezone</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventendyear</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventhour</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventminute</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventmonth</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventseason</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventsecond</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventtimezone</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventyear</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eventtitleaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>howpublished</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>language</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>location</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>note</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>pubstate</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>subtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>title</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>titleaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>type</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>venue</bcf:field> + </bcf:entryfields> + <bcf:multiscriptfields> + <bcf:field>abstract</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>addendum</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>afterword</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>annotator</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>author</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>bookauthor</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>booksubtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>booktitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>booktitleaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>chapter</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>commentator</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editor</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editora</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editorb</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>editorc</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>foreword</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>holder</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>institution</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>introduction</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>issuesubtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>issuetitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>issuetitleaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>journalsubtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>journaltitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>journaltitleaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>location</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>mainsubtitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>maintitle</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>maintitleaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>nameaddon</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>note</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>organization</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>origlanguage</bcf:field> + 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<bcf:constraints> + <bcf:entrytype>dataset</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:constraint type="mandatory"> + <bcf:field>title</bcf:field> + </bcf:constraint> + </bcf:constraints> + <bcf:constraints> + <bcf:entrytype>manual</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:constraint type="mandatory"> + <bcf:field>title</bcf:field> + </bcf:constraint> + </bcf:constraints> + <bcf:constraints> + <bcf:entrytype>misc</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:entrytype>software</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:constraint type="mandatory"> + <bcf:field>title</bcf:field> + </bcf:constraint> + </bcf:constraints> + <bcf:constraints> + <bcf:entrytype>online</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:constraint type="mandatory"> + <bcf:field>title</bcf:field> + <bcf:fieldor> + <bcf:field>url</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>doi</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>eprint</bcf:field> + </bcf:fieldor> + </bcf:constraint> + </bcf:constraints> + <bcf:constraints> + <bcf:entrytype>patent</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:constraint type="mandatory"> + <bcf:field>author</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>title</bcf:field> + 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</bcf:constraints> + <bcf:constraints> + <bcf:entrytype>thesis</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:constraint type="mandatory"> + <bcf:field>author</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>title</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>type</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>institution</bcf:field> + </bcf:constraint> + </bcf:constraints> + <bcf:constraints> + <bcf:entrytype>unpublished</bcf:entrytype> + <bcf:constraint type="mandatory"> + <bcf:field>author</bcf:field> + <bcf:field>title</bcf:field> + </bcf:constraint> + </bcf:constraints> + <bcf:constraints> + <bcf:constraint type="data" datatype="isbn"> + <bcf:field>isbn</bcf:field> + </bcf:constraint> + <bcf:constraint type="data" datatype="issn"> + <bcf:field>issn</bcf:field> + </bcf:constraint> + <bcf:constraint type="data" datatype="ismn"> + <bcf:field>ismn</bcf:field> + </bcf:constraint> + <bcf:constraint type="data" datatype="pattern" pattern="(?:sf|sm|sn|pf|pm|pn|pp)"> + <bcf:field>gender</bcf:field> + </bcf:constraint> + </bcf:constraints> + </bcf:datamodel> + <!-- CITATION DATA --> + <!-- SECTION 0 --> + <bcf:bibdata section="0"> + <bcf:datasource type="file" datatype="bibtex" glob="false">thesis.bib</bcf:datasource> + </bcf:bibdata> + <bcf:section number="0"> + <bcf:citekey order="1">heatkernel</bcf:citekey> + <bcf:citekey order="2">ncgwalter</bcf:citekey> + <bcf:citekey order="3" nocite="1">electrodynamics</bcf:citekey> + <bcf:citekey order="4">ncgwalter</bcf:citekey> + <bcf:citekey order="5" nocite="1">liealgebra</bcf:citekey> + <bcf:citekey order="6" nocite="1">ncg4pages</bcf:citekey> + <bcf:citekey order="7" nocite="1">ncgshort</bcf:citekey> + <bcf:citekey order="8">heatkernel</bcf:citekey> + </bcf:section> + <!-- SORTING TEMPLATES --> + <bcf:sortingtemplate name="none"> + <bcf:sort order="1"> + <bcf:sortitem order="1">citeorder</bcf:sortitem> + </bcf:sort> + </bcf:sortingtemplate> + <!-- DATALISTS --> + <bcf:datalist section="0" + name="none/global//global/global" + type="entry" + sortingtemplatename="none" + sortingnamekeytemplatename="global" + 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undefined on input line 210. + + +LaTeX Warning: Reference `eq:var1' on page 8 undefined on input line 215. + + +LaTeX Warning: Reference `eq:var2' on page 8 undefined on input line 215. + + +LaTeX Warning: Reference `eq:var3' on page 8 undefined on input line 217. + + +LaTeX Warning: Reference `eq:var1' on page 8 undefined on input line 221. + +[8] + +LaTeX Warning: Reference `eq:var3' on page 9 undefined on input line 236. + + +LaTeX Warning: Reference `eq:var2' on page 9 undefined on input line 256. + + +LaTeX Warning: Reference `eq:var3' on page 9 undefined on input line 268. + +[9] + +LaTeX Warning: Citation 'heatkernel' on page 10 undefined on input line 301. + +) (./chapters/twopointspace.tex [10] + +LaTeX Warning: Reference `eq:commutator inequality' on page 11 undefined on inp +ut line 90. + +[11] + +Package hyperref Warning: Token not allowed in a PDF string (Unicode): +(hyperref) removing `math shift' on input line 138. + + +Package hyperref Warning: Token not allowed in a PDF string (Unicode): +(hyperref) removing `math shift' on input line 138. + + +LaTeX Warning: Citation 'ncgwalter' on page 12 undefined on input line 146. + +[12] +Overfull \hbox (2.50433pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 210--213 +[]\OT1/ptm/m/n/12 An ar-bi-trary her-mi-tian field $\OML/ztmcm/m/it/12 A[] \OT1 +/ztmcm/m/n/12 = \OMS/ztmcm/m/n/12 ^^@\OML/ztmcm/m/it/12 ia@[]b$ \OT1/ptm/m/n/12 + is given by two $\OML/ztmcm/m/it/12 U\OT1/ztmcm/m/n/12 (1)$ \OT1/ptm/m/n/12 Ga +uge fields $\OML/ztmcm/m/it/12 X[]; X[] \OMS/ztmcm/m/n/12 2 + [] + +) (./chapters/electroncg.tex [13] +Overfull \hbox (4.58751pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 19--28 +\OT1/ptm/m/n/12 where $\OML/ztmcm/m/it/12 ; []$ \OT1/ptm/m/n/12 must be con-s +id-ered as in-de-pen-dent vari-ables, which means that the fermionic + [] + +[14] + +LaTeX Warning: Reference `eq:leftrightrepr' on page 15 undefined on input line +102. + +[15] + +LaTeX Warning: Reference `eq:fedfail' on page 16 undefined on input line 152. + + +LaTeX 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[]\OT1/ptm/m/it/12 The spec-tral ac-tion of +the al-most com-mu-ta-tive man-i-fold $\OML/ztmcm/m/it/12 M$ \OT1/ptm/m/it/12 w +ith $[]\OT1/ztmcm/m/n/12 (\OML/ztmcm/m/it/12 M\OT1/ztmcm/m/n/12 ) = + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (50.34213pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 268--272 +\OT1/ptm/m/it/12 The La-grangian $\OMS/ztmcm/m/n/12 L[]$ \OT1/ptm/m/it/12 is of + the spec-tral triple, rep-re-sented by the fol-low-ing term $\OT1/ztmcm/m/n/12 + (\OML/ztmcm/m/it/12 C[]\OT1/ztmcm/m/n/12 (\OML/ztmcm/m/it/12 M\OT1/ztmcm/m/n/1 +2 )\OML/ztmcm/m/it/12 ; L[]\OT1/ztmcm/m/n/12 (\OML/ztmcm/m/it/12 S\OT1/ztmcm/m/ +n/12 )\OML/ztmcm/m/it/12 ; D[]\OT1/ztmcm/m/n/12 )$ + [] + +[17] [18] + +LaTeX Warning: Reference `eq:trheatkernel' on page 19 undefined on input line 3 +66. + + +LaTeX Warning: Reference `def:fermionic action' on page 19 undefined on input l +ine 371. + + +LaTeX Warning: Reference `eq:almost commutative manifold' on page 19 undefined +on input line 372. + + +LaTeX Warning: Reference `eq:fermionic1' on page 19 undefined on input line 406 +. + +[19] + +LaTeX Warning: Reference `eq:fermionic2' on page 20 undefined on input line 415 +. + + +LaTeX Warning: Reference `eq:fermionic3' on page 20 undefined on input line 424 +. + +) (./chapters/conclusion.tex) (./chapters/acknowledgment.tex) [20] +(./back/refs.tex + +LaTeX Warning: Citation 'electrodynamics' undefined on input line 1. + + +LaTeX Warning: Citation 'ncgwalter' undefined on input line 2. + + +LaTeX Warning: Citation 'liealgebra' undefined on input line 3. + + +LaTeX Warning: Citation 'ncg4pages' undefined on input line 4. + + +LaTeX Warning: Citation 'ncgshort' undefined on input line 5. + + +LaTeX Warning: Citation 'heatkernel' undefined on input line 6. + +) + +LaTeX Warning: Empty bibliography on input line 7. + +[21] (./main.aux) + +LaTeX Warning: There were undefined references. + + +LaTeX Warning: Label(s) may have changed. 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